📚 Edexcel Year 12 Business: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | Edexcel 商务 Year 12 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering Edexcel Year 12 Business means building a strong vocabulary of essential terms. This guide pairs each concept with a clear definition in English and Chinese, helping you rapidly commit key ideas to memory and apply them accurately in exams.
掌握 Edexcel 商务 Year 12 课程的第一步是建立牢固的术语基础。本指南为每个核心概念配以中英双语释义，帮助你快速记忆并能在考试中准确运用这些关键术语。
1. Business Objectives and Stakeholders | 企业目标与利益相关者
Mission statement: A qualitative statement of a business's overriding purpose and core values, guiding its strategic direction.
使命宣言：对企业根本目的与核心价值观的定性陈述，为其战略方向提供指引。
Corporate objectives: Specific, measurable goals set for the whole business, derived from the mission and linked to functional areas.
企业目标：为整个企业设定的具体、可衡量的目标，由使命派生而来，与各职能部门相关联。
Stakeholder: Any individual or group that has an interest in or is affected by the activities of a business, such as employees, customers, suppliers and the local community.
利益相关者：对企业活动有利益关系或受其影响的任何个人或群体，如员工、顾客、供应商和当地社区。
Shareholder value: The financial return that owners receive from holding shares in a company, often through dividends and an increase in share price.
股东价值：公司所有者通过持有股份获得的财务回报，通常体现为股息和股价上涨。
2. Entrepreneurs and Business Ownership | 企业家与企业所有权类型
Entrepreneur: An individual who takes the risk of starting a new business venture, organising resources and innovating in order to create value.
企业家：承担创办新企业风险的个人，通过组织资源和创新来创造价值。
Sole trader: A business owned and controlled by one person, who enjoys all the profits but has unlimited liability for any debts.
个体经营户：由一人拥有并控制的生意，该人享有全部利润，但对所有债务承担无限责任。
Private limited company (Ltd): An incorporated business with limited liability, whose shares cannot be sold to the general public.
私人有限公司 (Ltd)：具有有限责任的法人企业，其股份不能向公众公开发售。
Franchise: A business model where a franchisee purchases the right to trade under an established brand name and proven system from a franchisor.
特许经营：加盟商向特许人购买在已建立的品牌名称和成熟体系下经营的商业模式的授权。
3. Market, Demand and Supply | 市场、需求与供给
Market: Any place or mechanism where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods or services, which can be physical or virtual.
市场：任何买卖双方聚集交换商品或服务的场所或机制，可以是实体或虚拟的。
Demand: The quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price over a specific time period.
需求：在给定价格下，消费者愿意并且能够在一定时期内购买的产品数量。
Supply: The quantity of a product that producers are willing and able to sell at a given price over a specific time period.
供给：在给定价格下，生产者愿意并且能够在一定时期内出售的产品数量。
Equilibrium price: The price at which the quantity demanded exactly equals the quantity supplied, resulting in no excess demand or supply.
均衡价格：需求量与供给量恰好相等时的价格，此时没有超额需求或超额供给。
4. Price, Income and Cross Elasticities of Demand | 需求弹性（价格、收入、交叉）
Price elasticity of demand (PED): Measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.
PED = % change in quantity demanded ÷ % change in price
需求价格弹性 (PED)：衡量需求量对价格变化的敏感程度。
PED = 需求量变化百分比 ÷ 价格变化百分比
Income elasticity of demand (YED): Measures how quantity demanded changes as consumer income changes. Normal goods have positive YED; inferior goods have negative YED.
需求收入弹性 (YED)：衡量需求量如何随消费者收入变动。正常品 YED 为正，低档品 YED 为负。
Cross elasticity of demand (XED): Measures the responsiveness of demand for one product to a change in the price of another. It highlights whether goods are substitutes (positive XED) or complements (negative XED).
需求交叉弹性 (XED)：衡量一种产品需求对另一种产品价格变化的敏感度，可判断商品是替代品（正 XED）还是互补品（负 XED）。
5. Market Research | 市场调研
Primary research: The collection of original, first-hand data directly from sources such as surveys, interviews and focus groups, tailored to a specific business need.
一手调研：直接从问卷、访谈和焦点小组等来源收集原始数据，针对特定商业需求定制。
Secondary research: The use of existing data already collected for another purpose, such as government reports, trade journals and online databases.
二手调研：使用已为其他目的收集的数据，如政府报告、行业期刊和在线数据库。
Qualitative data: Non-numerical information about opinions, attitudes and motivations, often gathered through open-ended questions.
定性数据：关于观点、态度和动机的非数值信息，通常通过开放式问题收集。
Quantitative data: Numerical information that can be measured and analysed statistically, such as sales figures, market share and rating scales.
定量数据：可测量并进行统计分析的数值信息，如销售数据、市场份额和评分量表。
6. Marketing Mix: Product and Price | 营销组合：产品与定价
Product life cycle: The stages a product goes through from introduction, growth, maturity and decline, influencing marketing and investment decisions.
产品生命周期：产品经历的导入、成长、成熟和衰退阶段，影响营销和投资决策。
Boston Matrix: A portfolio analysis tool that classifies products into stars, cash cows, question marks and dogs based on market growth and market share.
波士顿矩阵：一种产品组合分析工具，根据市场增长率与相对市场份额将产品分为明星、金牛、问号和瘦狗。
Cost-plus pricing: Setting a price by adding a fixed mark-up percentage to the unit cost of producing a product.
成本加成定价法：在生产产品的单位成本上加上固定加成百分比来制定价格。
Price skimming: Launching a new product at a high price to maximise revenue from early adopters before gradually lowering the price.
撇脂定价：以高价格推出新产品，从早期使用者身上获取最大收入，随后逐步降低价格。
7. Marketing Mix: Promotion and Place | 营销组合：促销与渠道
Above-the-line promotion: Paid-for mass media advertising through channels such as television, radio, newspapers and online platforms, over which the business has no direct control.
线上促销（大众媒体广告）：通过电视、广播、报纸和在线平台等付费大众媒体进行的广告宣传，企业不直接控制媒体内容。
Below-the-line promotion: Direct, targeted promotional activities that do not use mass media, such as sales promotions, direct mail and public relations events.
线下促销：不依赖大众媒体的直接、针对性的促销活动，如销售促进、直邮和公关活动。
Distribution channel: The path through which goods and services travel from the producer to the final consumer, involving intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers.
分销渠道：商品和服务从生产者流向最终消费者的路径，包括批发商和零售商等中介。
E-commerce: The buying and selling of goods and services online, enabling businesses to operate digitally and reach global markets.
电子商务：通过互联网买卖商品与服务，使企业能够数字化运营并触达全球市场。
8. Recruitment, Training and Motivation | 招聘、培训与激励
Internal recruitment: Filling a job vacancy from within the existing workforce, often through promotion or transfer, saving time and cost.
内部招聘：从现有员工中填补职位空缺，通常通过晋升或调动，可节省时间和成本。
External recruitment: Attracting candidates from outside the business, bringing fresh ideas but possibly costing more and taking longer.
外部招聘：从企业外部吸引候选人，能带来新思路，但可能成本更高、耗时更长。
On-the-job training: Training provided to employees while they perform their regular duties, often through coaching or job rotation.
在岗培训：员工在履行日常职责过程中接受的培训，常通过辅导或岗位轮换进行。
Herzberg's two-factor theory: A motivation theory distinguishing between hygiene factors (which can cause dissatisfaction if absent) and motivators (which can drive higher performance and satisfaction).
赫茨伯格双因素理论：一种激励理论，区分了保健因素（缺乏会引起不满）和激励因素（能推动更高绩效和满意度）。
9. Organisational Structure and Management | 组织结构与管理
Hierarchy: The layers of authority within an organisation, shown in an organisational chart, with each level having a different degree of responsibility.
层级结构：一个组织内部的权力层级，通常用组织图展示，每一层级承担不同程度的责任。
Span of control: The number of subordinates a manager directly oversees. A wide span of control means fewer layers and more delegation.
管理幅度：一位管理者直接监督的下属人数。宽幅度意味着更少层级和更多授权。
Centralisation: A structure where decision-making authority is concentrated at the top of the organisation, often ensuring consistency.
集权：决策权集中于组织高层的结构，常确保一致性和控制力。
Decentralisation: A structure where decision-making is delegated to lower levels or regional units, encouraging faster responses and empowerment.
分权：将决策权下放给较低层级或地区单位的结构，鼓励快速响应和员工赋权。
10. Operations: Lean Production and Quality | 运营：精益生产和质量
Lean production: An approach to operations that aims to minimise waste in all forms while maintaining quality, using techniques such as just-in-time and kaizen.
精益生产：一种运营方式，旨在大幅减少各类浪费的同时保持质量，常用准时制和持续改善等技术。
Just-in-time (JIT): A stock control method where materials arrive exactly when they are needed in the production process, reducing holding costs but increasing vulnerability to supply disruption.
准时制 (JIT)：一种库存控制方法，物料恰好在生产需要时到货，减少持有成本但增加供应中断风险。
Quality assurance: The processes a business puts in place to ensure quality standards are met throughout production, focusing on prevention rather than inspection.
质量保证：企业为确保整个生产过程达到质量标准而建立的流程，侧重于预防而非事后检验。
Total quality management (TQM): A company-wide philosophy where every employee is responsible for maintaining and improving quality, aiming for continuous improvement and customer satisfaction.
全面质量管理 (TQM)：一种企业全员的理念，每位员工都负有维持和提升质量的责任，追求持续改善和顾客满意。
11. Costs, Revenue, Break-even and Profit | 成本、收入、盈亏平衡与利润
Fixed costs: Costs that do not vary with the level of output in the short run, such as rent and salaries of permanent staff.
固定成本：短期内不随产量变动的成本，如租金和长期员工的工资。
Variable costs: Costs that change directly with the level of production, for example raw materials and piece-rate labour.
可变成本：直接随生产水平变化的成本，例如原材料和计件工资。
Break-even point: The level of output at which total revenue exactly equals total costs, resulting in neither profit nor loss. Calculated as: fixed costs ÷ (selling price per unit − variable cost per unit).
盈亏平衡点：总收入等于总成本的产量水平，此时无利润也无亏损。计算公式：固定成本 ÷（单位售价 − 单位可变成本）。
Profit margin margin = (gross profit ÷ revenue) × 100; net profit margin = (net profit ÷ revenue) × 100.
利润率：表示利润占销售收入百分比的盈利比率。毛利率 =（毛利 ÷ 收入）× 100；净利润率 =（净利润 ÷ 收入）× 100。
12. Cash Flow and Budgeting | 现金流与预算
Cash flow : The movement of cash into and out of a business over a period. Net cash flow = total cash inflows − total cash outflows.
现金流：现金在一段时期内流入和流出企业的运动。净现金流 = 现金流入总额 − 现金流出总额。
Liquidity: The ability of a business to meet its short-term debts as they fall due, depending on the availability of cash and near-cash assets.
流动性：企业偿付到期短期债务的能力，取决于现金及准现金类资产的可得性。
Budget: A financial plan for a future period, setting out expected income and expenditure, used for planning and control.
预算：对未来一段时期的财务计划，列出预期收入与支出，用于规划与控制。
Variance analysis: The process of comparing actual performance against budgeted figures and investigating significant differences, known as favourable or adverse variances.
差异分析：将实际业绩与预算数字进行对比并调查显著差异的过程，识别为有利差异或不利差异。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图