📚 Year 12 SQA Media: Glossary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 12 SQA 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering media terminology is essential for success in Year 12 SQA Media studies. This guide pairs key terms with concise definitions and practical memory hooks, helping you confidently analyse texts, audiences and institutions. Each term appears in English and Chinese for bilingual reinforcement.
掌握媒体术语是 Year 12 SQA 媒体课程取得高分的关键。本指南将核心术语与简明定义及实用记忆技巧配对，助你自信地分析文本、受众与机构。每个术语均以中英文对照呈现，便于双语巩固。
1. Camera Techniques | 摄影技巧
Close-up (CU): A shot that tightly frames a face or object, exaggerating emotion or detail. Remember 'CU shows feelings'.
特写 (CU)： 紧凑框定面部或物体的镜头，放大情绪或细节。记作“CU 捕捉情感”。
Long shot (LS): A wide framing showing the full subject and its surroundings, often used to establish location.
远景 (LS)： 展示主体全貌及其环境的宽幅镜头，常用于建立场景。
Medium shot (MS): Frames the subject from the waist up, balancing body language and facial expression.
中景 (MS)： 从腰部以上框定主体，平衡肢体语言与面部表情。
High angle: Camera looks down on the subject, making it appear weak or vulnerable.
俯拍角度： 摄影机向下俯视主体，使其显得弱小或易受伤害。
Low angle: Camera looks up, conveying power or dominance.
仰拍角度： 摄影机向上仰视，传递力量或支配感。
Over-the-shoulder shot: Shot taken from behind a character's shoulder, linking two characters in conversation.
过肩镜头： 从角色肩后拍摄，连接对话中的两个角色。
Pan: Horizontal camera movement from a fixed position, like shaking your head 'no'.
摇镜： 摄影机固定位置的水平移动，如同摇头说“不”。
Tilt: Vertical camera movement, like nodding 'yes'.
俯仰： 摄影机的垂直移动，如同点头说“是”。
Tracking shot: Camera physically moves alongside the action, often on rails or a gimbal.
推轨镜头： 摄影机沿动作方向实际移动，常借助轨道或稳定器。
Zoom: Changing focal length to move 'closer' or 'farther' without moving the camera body.
变焦： 改变焦距实现“拉近”或“推远”效果，机身不移动。
2. Editing & Continuity | 剪辑与连续性
Continuity editing: A system of cutting that maintains smooth, logical narrative flow. Think 'invisible stitching'.
连续性剪辑： 保持流畅、逻辑叙事的剪辑系统，如同“无痕缝合”。
180-degree rule: An imaginary line between two characters; the camera stays on one side to keep consistent screen direction.
180度规则： 两个角色间的假想线；摄影机保持在同一侧以确保屏幕方向一致。
Match on action: Cutting on the same movement from one shot to another, e.g. a door opening.
动作匹配： 在同一动作点上切换镜头，例如开门动作的连贯剪辑。
Shot/reverse shot: Alternating between two characters, usually in conversation, following the eyeline.
正反打镜头： 在两个角色间切换，常用于对话场景，依据视线方向。
Cross-cutting: Cutting between two or more lines of action happening simultaneously in different locations.
交叉剪辑： 在不同地点同时发生的多线动作间交替切换。
Montage: A sequence of rapidly edited shots that compresses time and conveys thematic meaning.
蒙太奇： 快速剪辑的镜头序列，压缩时间并传递主题意义。
Jump cut: An abrupt, disorienting cut that breaks continuity, often used to show unease or passing time.
跳切： 突兀的、破坏连续性的剪切，常用来表现不安或时间流逝。
Pace: The rhythm of editing; fast cuts create excitement, slow cuts build tension or calm.
剪辑节奏： 剪辑的快慢频率；快切制造刺激，慢切营造紧张或平静。
3. Sound Design | 声音设计
Diegetic sound: Sound that originates within the story world, audible to characters. Memory tip: 'Diegetic = in the story'.
剧情声： 源于故事世界内部，角色可以听到的声音。记忆提示：“剧情声在故事里”。
Non-diegetic sound: Sound added for the audience only, such as background music or voice-over narration.
非剧情声： 仅为观众添加的声音，如背景音乐或旁白。
Sound bridge: Sound from one scene lingers into the next, smoothing transitions.
声音桥梁： 前一个场景的声音延续到下一个场景，使转场流畅。
Ambient sound: Background noises that establish setting, e.g. birdsong, traffic hum.
环境声： 建立场景的背景噪音，如鸟鸣、交通声。
Dialogue: Spoken words between characters; reveals character and advances plot.
对话： 角色间的言语交流，揭示性格、推动情节。
Voice-over (V.O.): Narration from an unseen commentator, providing context or inner thoughts.
画外音： 未露面的评论者旁白，提供背景或内心独白。
Score: Original music composed specifically for the media text to evoke mood.
配乐： 为媒体文本专门创作的原创音乐，以唤起特定情绪。
Foley sound: Everyday sounds recreated in a studio (footsteps, rustling fabric) added in post-production.
拟音： 在录音室重新生成的日常声音（脚步声、衣料摩擦），后期添加。
4. Mise-en-scène & Lighting | 场面调度与灯光
Mise-en-scène: Everything placed in front of the camera: setting, props, costumes, lighting, and actor positioning. Think 'visual composition'.
场面调度： 摄影机前的一切元素：布景、道具、服装、灯光和演员站位。可视作“视觉构图”。
High-key lighting: Bright, low-contrast illumination often used in comedies and sitcoms; reduces shadows.
高调灯光： 明亮、低对比度的照明，常用于喜剧和情景剧，阴影较少。
Low-key lighting: High-contrast lighting producing deep shadows, typical in film noir and thrillers.
低调灯光： 高对比度照明，产生深邃阴影，常见于黑色电影和惊悚片。
Chiaroscuro: Extreme contrast between light and dark areas, creating a dramatic, moody effect.
明暗对照： 极度明暗对比，营造戏剧性的氛围效果。
Props: Objects used by actors to support the narrative; can be symbolic.
道具： 演员使用的物品，支撑叙事，可能具有象征意义。
Costume: Clothing that conveys character identity, period, and status.
服装： 传达角色身份、时代和社会地位的衣物。
Setting: The physical environment where the action takes place, reinforcing mood and genre.
场景： 动作发生的物理环境，强化情绪和类型。
5. Narrative Theories | 叙事理论
Todorov's equilibrium: Narrative moves from an initial balanced state (equilibrium) through disruption to a new, restored equilibrium.
Todorov 平衡理论： 叙事从初始平衡状态，经由打破平衡到达新平衡。
Barthes' enigma code: A mystery or puzzle within the text that keeps audiences curious. 'Who is the killer?'
Barthes 谜题码： 文本中的谜团或悬念，保持观众好奇。“真凶是谁？”
Barthes' action code: Events that imply further action, propelling the story forward (e.g. a gun being loaded).
Barthes 行动码： 暗示后续行动的事件，推进故事（如枪上膛）。
Levi-Strauss' binary oppositions: Narrative tension arises from opposing concepts (good vs evil, nature vs technology).
Levi-Strauss 二元对立： 叙事张力源于对立概念（善对恶、自然对科技）。
Propp's character types: Seven recurring character roles: hero, villain, donor, helper, princess, dispatcher, false hero.
Propp 角色类型： 七种重复出现的角色：英雄、反派、赠与者、帮手、公主、派遣者、伪英雄。
Linear narrative: Events presented in chronological order from beginning to end.
线性叙事： 按时间顺序从头至尾呈现事件。
Non-linear narrative: Plot jumps around in time, using flashbacks or parallel timelines.
非线性叙事： 情节在时间中跳跃，使用闪回或平行时间线。
6. Representation & Stereotypes | 表征与刻板印象
Representation: The way media constructs and presents people, places, events, and identities; it is never a direct mirror of reality.
表征： 媒体构建并呈现人物、地域、事件和身份的方式；绝非现实的直接镜像。
Stereotype: A simplified, repeated representation that reduces a group to a few exaggerated traits.
刻板印象： 被简化且重复的表征，将一个群体缩减为若干夸张特征。
Countertype: A positive representation that challenges and replaces a dominant negative stereotype.
反刻板印象： 挑战并取代主流负面刻板印象的正面表征。
Under-representation: When certain social groups are rarely seen or marginalised in media texts.
表征不足： 特定社会群体在媒体文本中鲜少露面或被边缘化。
Misrepresentation: Inaccurate or misleading portrayal that reinforces false beliefs.
错误表征： 不准确或误导性的描绘，强化错误观念。
Laura Mulvey's male gaze: The camera frames women from a heterosexual male perspective, objectifying them as passive objects.
Laura Mulvey 男性凝视： 摄影机以异性恋男性视角框定女性，将其物化为被动客体。
Tokenism: Including a minority character only to give a superficial appearance of diversity.
象征性点缀： 仅为了表面多样性而加入少数群体角色。
7. Audience & Reception Theory | 受众与接受理论
Stuart Hall's preferred reading: The audience interprets the text exactly as the producer intended.
Stuart Hall 主导式解码： 受众完全按照生产者意图解读文本。
Oppositional reading: The audience rejects the preferred meaning and creates an alternative interpretation.
对抗式解码： 受众拒绝主导意义，形成另类解读。
Negotiated reading: A compromise where the audience accepts some intended meanings but modifies others to fit their own experiences.
协商式解码： 受众接受部分意图意义，同时根据自身经历调整其他部分。
Uses and gratifications (Blumler & Katz): Audiences actively use media to satisfy needs: information, personal identity, integration/social interaction, entertainment.
使用与满足 (Blumler & Katz)： 受众主动使用媒体以满足需求：信息、个人身份、整合/社交互动、娱乐。
Target audience: The specific demographic group a media product is designed for, defined by age, gender, class, etc.
目标受众： 媒体产品所针对的特定人口群体，由年龄、性别、阶级等界定。
Secondary audience: A group outside the primary target that also engages with the text.
次级受众： 主要目标群体之外的也参与文本的群体。
Audience positioning: How a text places the audience in relation to characters or events, e.g. making us sympathise with a protagonist.
受众定位： 文本如何将受众放置在相对于角色或事件的位置，如让我们同情主角。
8. Genre & Intertextuality | 类型与互文性
Genre: A category of media text defined by shared conventions, such as horror, sci-fi, or rom-com.
类型： 由共享惯例界定的媒体文本类别，如恐怖片、科幻片或爱情喜剧。
Iconography: Visual symbols that instantly signal a genre, e.g. spaceships for sci-fi, cowboy hats for westerns.
图像志： 立即表明类型的视觉符号，如科幻的太空船、西部的牛仔帽。
Conventions: The expected elements of a genre, including themes, settings, character types, and narrative patterns.
惯例： 类型的预期元素，包括主题、场景、角色类型和叙事模式。
Hybridity: Blending conventions from two or more genres, creating a new mix (e.g. romantic horror).
类型混合： 融合两种或多种类型的惯例，创造出新的混合体（如爱情恐怖片）。
Intertextuality: When one media text references or borrows from another, creating layers of meaning.
互文性： 一个媒体文本引用或借用另一个文本，创造意义层次。
Pastiche: An affectionate imitation of another style or work, often as homage.
仿作： 对另一种风格或作品的温情模仿，常作为致敬。
Parody: A humorous or satirical imitation that critiques an original text or genre.
戏仿： 幽默或讽刺的模仿，以批评原文本或类型。
9. Media Language & Semiotics | 媒体语言与符号学
Denotation: The literal, surface-level meaning of a sign, e.g. a red rose is a flower.
外延： 符号的字面、表层意义，如红玫瑰是一朵花。
Connotation: The associated or deeper cultural meanings, e.g. a red rose connotes romance.
内涵： 联想或更深层的文化意义，如红玫瑰意味着爱情。
Signifier: The physical form of a sign, such as a word, image, or sound.
能指： 符号的物理形式，如词语、图像或声音。
Signified: The mental concept evoked by the signifier.
所指： 能指引发的心理概念。
Anchorage: Text (captions, voice-over) that fixes the meaning of an image and prevents polysemy.
锚定： 文字（字幕、画外音）固定图像的意义，避免多义性。
Polysemy: The capacity of a sign to have multiple meanings, dependent on cultural context.
多义性： 符号具有多种意义的能力，取决于文化背景。
Barthes' myth: A second-order signification where signs reinforce dominant cultural values, making them seem natural.
Barthes 神话： 第二层意指系统，符号强化主导文化价值，使其看似理所当然。
Code: A system of rules and conventions shared by media producers and audiences that creates meaning.
代码： 媒体生产者和受众共享的规则与惯例系统，创造意义。
10. Production & Institutional Context | 制作与制度背景
Public Service Broadcasting (PSB): Broadcasters like the BBC committed to informing, educating and entertaining the public, free from commercial pressure.
公共服务广播 (PSB)： 如 BBC 等广播机构，致力于教育、信息和娱乐公众，免受商业压力。
Ofcom: The UK's communications regulator, enforcing standards on TV, radio, and video-on-demand.
Ofcom： 英国通信监管机构，执行电视、广播和点播视频的标准。
Horizontal integration: A company expands within the same industry sector, e.g. a film studio acquiring another studio.
横向整合： 公司在同一产业领域内扩张，如电影制片厂收购另一家制片厂。
Vertical integration: A company controls multiple stages of production, distribution, and exhibition, e.g. a studio owning a cinema chain.
纵向整合： 公司控制制作、发行和放映多个环节，如制片厂拥有电影院线。
Conglomerate: A large corporation owning diverse media and non-media businesses, such as Disney.
集团企业： 拥有多种媒体及非媒体业务的大型公司，如迪士尼。
Independent film: A production made outside the major studio system, often with lower budgets and creative freedom.
独立电影： 在大制片厂体系之外制作，通常预算较低且拥有创作自由。
Synergy: Coordinated promotion of a media product across different platforms owned by the same conglomerate.
协同效应： 同一集团旗下不同平台对媒体产品的协同推广。
Distribution: The process of getting the finished media product to audiences, through cinemas, streaming, broadcasting, etc.
发行： 将完成的媒体产品送达受众的过程，通过影院、流媒体、广播等渠道。
11. News & Digital Media Terms | 新闻与数字媒体术语
Gatekeeping: The process where media professionals filter and select which stories reach the public.
把关： 媒体专业人员过滤并选择哪些事件能到达公众的过程。
Agenda setting: The media's power to influence what the public perceives as important through story selection and emphasis.
议程设置： 媒体通过选择和强调新闻来影响公众对重要议题认知的力量。
Citizen journalism: Ordinary people capturing and sharing news, often via smartphones and social media.
公民新闻： 普通人捕捉并分享新闻，常通过智能手机和社交媒体。
Convergence: The merging of previously separate media technologies and industries, e.g. a phone that streams films.
融合： 先前独立的媒体技术与产业的合并，如可用手机观影。
User-generated content (UGC): Any content created and uploaded by users rather than professional producers.
用户生成内容 (UGC)： 由用户而非专业制作者创建并上传的任何内容。
Algorithm: A set of automated rules determining what content users see on digital platforms.
算法： 一套自动规则，决定用户在数字平台上看到的内容。
Echo chamber: A situation where algorithms and social networks reinforce existing beliefs by limiting exposure to diverse views.
信息茧房： 算法与社交网络通过限制接触不同观点而强化既有信念的环境。
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