📚 SQA Music Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | SQA 音乐词汇术语速记指南
In SQA Higher Music, confident use of Italian terms and musical concepts can make the difference between a pass and a higher grade. The listening paper expects you not only to recognise sounds but also to name them precisely. This guide groups essential vocabulary into logical clusters, offering memory hooks and concise definitions to help Year 12 students revise efficiently.
在 SQA 高级音乐课程中，熟练运用意大利术语和音乐概念可能是及格与高分之间的关键。听力试卷不仅要求你辨别声音，还要准确说出名称。本指南将核心词汇按逻辑分组，提供记忆线索和简明定义，帮助 Year 12 学生高效复习。
1. Dynamics & Expression | 力度与表情术语
Dynamics indicate volume. The SQA expects you to distinguish between static levels and gradual changes, as well as sudden accents that shape phrasing.
力度表示音量。SQA 考试要求你区分静态力度层次、渐变记号以及塑造乐句的突然重音。
Static terms from softest to loudest: pianissimo (pp) – very soft, piano (p) – soft, mezzo piano (mp) – moderately soft, mezzo forte (mf) – moderately loud, forte (f) – loud, fortissimo (ff) – very loud. Gradual changes: crescendo (cresc.) getting gradually louder, diminuendo (dim.) getting gradually softer. A sforzando (sfz) is a sudden sharp accent on a single note or chord.
静止力度从最弱到最强：极弱 (pp) – 非常弱，弱 (p) – 弱，中弱 (mp) – 中弱，中强 (mf) – 中强，强 (f) – 强，极强 (ff) – 非常强。渐变记号：渐强 (cresc.) 逐渐变强，渐弱 (dim.) 逐渐变弱。突强 (sfz) 则是单音或和弦上的突然重音。
Memory tip: think of 'piano' as a quietly spoken word and 'forte' as strong like a fortress. For crescendo, imagine a wave building up; for diminuendo, picture a sound fading into the distance.
记忆技巧：可将 piano 想象成轻声细语，forte 如堡垒般坚固。渐强如同海浪积聚，渐弱则像声音消失在远处。
2. Tempo & Speed | 速度标记
Tempo markings tell performers the speed of the music. SQA often asks you to identify the appropriate term for a description, so learn these in pairs of opposites and through their approximate beats per minute range.
速度标记告诉演奏者音乐的快慢。SQA 经常要求根据描述选择适当术语，因此建议以反义配对的方式学习，并留意大致每分钟拍数范围。
Slow tempos: largo – very slow and broad, lento – slow, adagio – slow and stately (think 'at ease'), grave – very slow and solemn. Medium tempos: andante – walking pace, moderato – moderate. Fast tempos: allegro – fast and lively, vivace – lively and brisk, presto – very fast, prestissimo – as fast as possible. Changes: accelerando (accel.) gradually getting faster, ritardando (rit.) or rallentando (rall.) gradually getting slower, rubato – flexible time for expression.
慢速：广板 (largo) – 非常缓慢宽广，慢板 (lento) – 缓慢，柔板 (adagio) – 缓慢庄严（联想 'at ease'），庄板 (grave) – 极慢且严肃。中速：行板 (andante) – 步行速度，中板 (moderato) – 中速。快速：快板 (allegro) – 快速活泼，活板 (vivace) – 活泼轻快，急板 (presto) – 非常快，最急板 (prestissimo) – 极快。速度变化：渐快 (accelerando, accel.)，渐慢 (ritardando, rit. 或 rallentando, rall.)，弹性速度 (rubato) 用于表达自由的节奏伸缩。
A mnemonic: 'Lazy Animals Grazing, And Moderately Active Vivid Pigs' reminds you of Largo, Adagio, Grave, Andante, Moderato, Allegro, Vivace, Presto. For rubato, remember the word 'rub' – you rub some time off certain notes and give it to others.
助记口诀：想象懒散的动物在吃草，然后又适度活跃、生动的猪 (Lazy Animals Grazing, And Moderately Active Vivid Pigs) 对应 Largo, Adagio, Grave, Andante, Moderato, Allegro, Vivace, Presto。Rubato 可联想 'rub'，从一些音符上擦去时间再给到其他音符。
3. Articulation & Technique | 演奏法与技巧
Articulation describes how individual notes are attacked and connected. These terms are essential for describing instrumental and vocal excerpts in the SQA listening paper.
演奏法描述单个音符的起奏和连接方式。这些术语在 SQA 听力试卷中描述器乐和声乐片段时必不可少。
Legato – smooth and connected; notes flow into each other. Staccato – short and detached, often marked with a dot above or below the note. Pizzicato (pizz.) – plucking the string with fingers (return to bowing is arco). Tenuto – hold the note for its full value, slightly stressed. Marcato – strongly accented, marked. Accent – emphasise the note. Glissando – sliding from one pitch to another. Tremolo – rapid repetition of a single note or alternation between two notes.
连奏 (legato) – 圆滑连贯，音符自然衔接。断奏 (staccato) – 短促分离，音符上方或下方标有点。拨奏 (pizzicato) – 用手指拨弦（恢复用弓则为 arco）。保持音 (tenuto) – 保持音符完整时值，稍加强调。着重音 (marcato) – 带强重音并强调。重音 (accent) – 强调音符。滑奏 (glissando) – 从一个音高滑向另一个。震音 (tremolo) – 快速重复单音或交替两个音。
For string technique also remember double stopping – playing two notes simultaneously, and vibrato – a slight pitch oscillation that warms the tone. Con arco means with the bow, opposite of pizzicato. On the piano, legato pedalling sustains notes smoothly.
弦乐技巧还须记住双音 (double stopping) – 同时演奏两个音，以及揉弦 (vibrato) – 轻微的音高波动使音色温暖。Con arco 表示用弓演奏，与拨弦相反。钢琴上，延音踏板可实现连奏效果。
4. Melody & Ornamentation | 旋律与装饰音
Melodic concepts describe the shape and movement of a tune. Ornaments are extra notes that decorate the main melody, heavily featured in Baroque and Classical music.
旋律概念描述曲调的形态和运动方式。装饰音是附加在主要旋律上的额外音符，在巴洛克和古典音乐中大量出现。
Conjunct – stepwise movement, moving by small intervals. Disjunct – movement with leaps. Triadic – based on a chord, arpeggio-like. Scalic – moving up or down a scale. A sequence repeats a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch. An ostinato is a persistently repeated musical phrase. Motif – a short, distinctive musical idea that develops through a piece.
级进 (conjunct) – 二度进行的平稳移动。跳进 (disjunct) – 包含跳跃的音程。三和弦式 (triadic) – 基于和弦，类似琶音。音阶式 (scalic) – 沿音阶上下行。模进 (sequence) 将旋律型在更高或更低音高上重复。固定音型 (ostinato) 是持续重复的乐句。动机 (motif) – 短小鲜明的乐思在全曲中发展。
Ornaments you must know: trill (tr) – rapid alternation between the written note and the note above; turn – four-note figure going up, then down around the main note; mordent – a quick single alternation (upper mordent goes up and back, lower mordent goes down and back); appoggiatura – a stressed leaning note that takes part of the following note's value; acciaccatura – a crushed, very short grace note played just before the main note.
必知装饰音：颤音 (trill, tr) – 本位音与上方音快速交替；回音 (turn) – 围绕主音先上后下的四音组；波音 (mordent) – 快速单次交替（上波音先上后回，下波音先下后回）；倚音 (appoggiatura) – 一个重拍的倾向音，占据后音符部分时值；碎音 (acciaccatura) – 在主音前非常短促地奏出的装饰音。
5. Texture & Voicing | 织体与声部
Texture refers to how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate. SQA asks you to compare different textures, often within the same excerpt.
织体指的是音层数量及其相互关系。SQA 经常要求比较同一片段内的不同织体。
Monophonic – a single unaccompanied melodic line (e.g. plainchant). Homophonic – melody with chordal accompaniment, often melody-dominated homophony. Polyphonic / contrapuntal – two or more independent melodic lines woven together (e.g. a fugue). Heterophonic – simultaneous variations of the same melody, common in folk traditions. Antiphonal – dialogue between two groups of performers, often used in Renaissance and church music. Melody and accompaniment – a clear tune supported by chords.
单声织体 (monophonic) – 无伴奏的单旋律线条（如素歌）。主调织体 (homophonic) – 旋律加和弦伴奏，常为旋律-和弦式。复调织体 (polyphonic / contrapuntal) – 两条或以上独立旋律线条交织（如赋格）。支声织体 (heterophonic) – 同一旋律的同时变体，常见于民间传统。应答织体 (antiphonal) – 两组表演者的对话，常见于文艺复兴和教堂音乐。旋律与伴奏 – 清晰的主旋律配以和弦支撑。
Voicing labels: Soprano highest, Alto lower female voice, Tenor higher male voice, Bass lowest. In choral textures you may hear SATB. A descant is an additional high melody above the main tune.
声部标记：女高音 (Soprano) 最高，女低音 (Alto) 较低女声，男高音 (Tenor) 较高男声，男低音 (Bass) 最低。合唱织体常出现 SATB 四声部。附加在高声部的对应旋律称为 descant。
6. Harmony & Tonality | 和声与调性
Harmony deals with chords and progressions; tonality is the overall key centre. Examiners often ask about cadences, modulations and the character of the harmony.
和声涉及和弦与进行；调性则是整体调性中心。考官常问及终止式、转调及和声性质。
Major – bright, happy sound. Minor – darker, sadder. Modal – based on old church modes (Dorian, Phrygian etc.), often heard in folk and early music. Atonal – no key centre. Chromatic – uses notes outside the key for colour. Diatonic – stays within the key. Consonant – stable, pleasing combination; dissonant – tense, clashing combination.
大调 (major) – 明亮欢快。小调 (minor) – 暗淡忧伤。调式 (modal) – 基于古老教会调式（多利亚、弗里吉亚等），常见于民间与早期音乐。无调性 (atonal) – 没有调中心。半音化 (chromatic) – 使用调外音增添色彩。自然音 (diatonic) – 严格在调内。协和 (consonant) – 稳定悦耳的组合；不协和 (dissonant) – 紧张冲突的组合。
Cadences: perfect (V–I) sounds complete, full stop; imperfect (I–V, ii–V, IV–V) feels unfinished, comma; plagal (IV–I) 'Amen'; interrupted (V–vi) surprise. A modulation is a change of key; a pedal is a sustained or repeated note (tonic or dominant) beneath changing harmonies. Circle of fifths describes a series of chords whose roots move by descending 5ths.
终止式：完全终止 (V–I) 完满收束，句号感；不完全终止 (I–V, ii–V, IV–V) 未完成，逗号感；变格终止 (IV–I) '阿门' 终止；阻碍终止 (V–vi) 意外转折。转调 (modulation) 为调性变化；持续音 (pedal) 是和声变化时保持或重复的单音（主音或属音）。五度圈 (circle of fifths) 描述根音下行五度的和弦序列。
7. Structure & Form | 曲式结构
Structures organise musical material into sections. Being able to map a piece while listening helps you answer layout questions confidently.
结构将音乐素材划分成段落。在聆听时能勾画出曲式将有助于你自信地回答结构题目。
Binary (AB) – two contrasting sections, often repeated. Ternary (ABA) – three sections with the first returning. Rondo (ABACA) – recurring A section alternates with contrasting episodes. Theme and variations – a theme is presented then altered in successive variations. Sonata form – exposition (two themes), development, recapitulation. Minuet and trio – dance-based ternary form, often third movement of Classical symphonies. Strophic – same music for each verse; through-composed – continuously new music. Verse-chorus – alternating verse and chorus, popular in rock and pop.
二部曲式 (binary, AB) – 两个对比段落，常重复。三部曲式 (ternary, ABA) – 三段式，第一段返回。回旋曲式 (rondo, ABACA) – A 段不断再现并与对比插部交替。主题与变奏 – 主题呈现后连续变奏。奏鸣曲式 – 呈示部（两个主题）、展开部、再现部。小步舞曲与三声中部 – 基于舞曲的三部曲式，常见于古典交响曲第三乐章。分节歌 (strophic) – 各段歌词配相同旋律；通节歌 (through-composed) – 旋律不断变化。主歌-副歌 (verse-chorus) – 主歌与副歌交替，常见于摇滚与流行乐。
Also recognise bridge – contrasting linking section; coda – tail-ending; introduction and outro. In Classical forms, remember cadenza – a solo showpiece near the end of a movement.
也需辨识桥段 (bridge) – 对比性连接段；尾声 (coda) – 结束部分；引子和尾奏。古典曲式中，华彩段 (cadenza) 是乐章末尾的独奏炫技段落。
8. Styles & Periods | 风格与时期特征
The SQA listening paper weaves questions around stylistic features. You must link characteristic sounds to the correct historical period or genre.
SQA 听力试卷围绕风格特征设题。你需要将音响特征与正确的历史时期或音乐类型联系起来。
Baroque (c.1600–1750): basso continuo (harpsichord + cello), terraced dynamics, extensive ornamentation, polyphonic texture, forms like fugue and concerto grosso. Classical (c.1750–1820): balanced phrases, melody-dominated homophony, Alberti bass, clear cadences, symphony, sonata form. Romantic (c.1820–1900): wide dynamic range, rubato, rich chromatic harmony, programme music, larger orchestra.
巴洛克 (约1600–1750)：通奏低音 (basso continuo，羽管键琴加大提琴)、阶梯式力度、大量装饰音、复调织体、赋格与大协奏曲等曲式。古典 (约1750–1820)：平衡乐句、旋律主导的主调织体、阿尔贝蒂低音 (Alberti bass)、清晰终止式、交响曲与奏鸣曲式。浪漫 (约1820–1900)：宽广力度范围、弹性速度、丰富的半音和声、标题音乐、扩大的管弦乐队。
20th/21st century: atonality, serialism, minimalism (repetitive patterns, phase shifting), electronic music, jazz influences. Jazz: swing rhythm, walking bass, blue notes, improvisation. Blues: 12-bar blues structure, flattened 3rd, 5th and 7th. Rock / Pop: verse-chorus, backbeat, riff, electric instruments. Latin: syncopated rhythms, percussion, clave. Scottish folk: pentatonic scales, Scotch snap (dotted rhythm reversed), bagpipe drones, fiddle ornaments.
20/21世纪：无调性、序列主义、简约主义（重复音型、相位移动）、电子音乐、爵士影响。爵士：摇摆节奏、行走低音 (walking bass)、蓝调音、即兴。布鲁斯：12小节布鲁斯结构、降三级、降五级和降七级。摇滚/流行：主歌-副歌、反拍节奏、连复段 (riff)、电声乐器。拉丁：切分节奏、打击乐、克拉维节奏。苏格兰民间：五声音阶、苏格兰切分音 (Scotch snap，逆向附点节奏)、风笛持续音、小提琴装饰音。
9. Rhythmic Features | 节奏特征
Rhythm vocabulary covers time signatures, beat patterns and specific rhythmic devices. You need to recognise them by ear and name them correctly.
节奏词汇包括拍号、节拍样式和特定节奏手法。你需要靠听觉辨识并正确命名。
Time signatures: simple (each beat divides into two, e.g. 2/4, 3/4, 4/4), compound (each beat divides into three, e.g. 6/8, 9/8, 12/8). Anacrusis – an upbeat, incomplete bar at the start. Syncopation – emphasis on a normally weak beat. Dotted rhythm – long–short pattern (dotted note followed by a shorter note). Scotch snap – short–long rhythm, the reverse of dotted. Triplets – three notes in the time of two. Cross-rhythm – contrasting rhythms played simultaneously (e.g. two against three).
拍号：单拍子 (simple) 每拍一分为二，如 2/4、3/4、4/4；复拍子 (compound) 每拍一分为三，如 6/8、9/8、12/8。弱起 (anacrusis) – 起始于不完整小节的上拍。切分音 (syncopation) – 重音落在正常弱拍上。附点节奏 – 长-短模式（附点音符接短音符）。苏格兰切分音 (Scotch snap) – 短-长节奏，与附点相反。三连音 (triplets) – 两拍的时间内奏三个音。交叉节奏 (cross-rhythm) – 同时演奏形成对比的节奏（如二对三）。
Other terms: ostinato can be rhythmic, swing – uneven quavers typical of jazz, off-beat – accent on the 'and' of the beat. A pause or fermata holds a note longer than its written value.
其他术语：固定节奏型 (ostinato) 也可以是节奏性的；摇摆 (swing) – 爵士中不均等的八分
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