📚 IGCSE WJEC Chemistry: Mind Map Quick Revision | IGCSE WJEC 化学：思维导图速记
This mind map style revision guide condenses the IGCSE WJEC Chemistry syllabus into easy-to-remember visual nodes. Each topic is broken down from a central concept into key branches, so that you can link ideas together and recall information quickly in the exam hall. Work through the twelve nodes below, then redraw each one from memory until the whole specification fits onto a single page.
这份思维导图风格的复习指南把 IGCSE WJEC 化学大纲浓缩为易于记忆的可视化节点。每个主题都从一个中心概念分解为关键分支，帮助你建立知识联系，在考场上快速回忆信息。请依次学习下面十二个节点，然后凭记忆重新绘制，直到整份大纲能够压缩到一页纸上。
1. How to Build and Use a Mind Map | 如何构建与使用思维导图
A mind map works because it mirrors the way memory is stored: one central idea with linked associations. Write the topic name in a circle at the centre of an A3 sheet, then draw four to six main branches, one for each heading in the WJEC specification. Add twigs only as single words, symbols or mini equations - never full sentences.
思维导图之所以有效，是因为它模拟了记忆的存储方式：一个中心概念加上相互关联的联想。把主题名称写在 A3 纸中央的圆圈里，再画出四到六条主分支，每条对应 WJEC 大纲中的一个标题。枝条末端只写单词、符号或迷你方程式，不要写完整句子。
Colour code by type of knowledge: blue for definitions, green for equations, red for exceptions and exam traps. Use arrows to link related ideas, for example moles to titration, or rates to collision theory. One colour should always mean one thing, otherwise the map becomes decoration rather than a revision tool.
按知识类型配色：蓝色写定义，绿色写方程式，红色写例外和易错点。用箭头连接相关概念，例如把摩尔连到滴定，把反应速率连到碰撞理论。一种颜色只能代表一种含义，否则地图就只是装饰，而不是复习工具。
- Central node: topic name, six words maximum | 中心节点：主题名称，最多六个词
- Main branch: one syllabus heading | 主分支：一个大纲标题
- Twig: one keyword, symbol or equation | 细枝：一个关键词、符号或方程式
- Arrow: a link between two ideas | 箭头：两个概念之间的联系
- Colour: one meaning per colour | 颜色：每种颜色只代表一种含义
Use the map actively. Read it, cover it, redraw it from memory on blank paper, then check what you missed. This retrieval practice is what moves facts into long term memory; simply staring at a colourful sheet is passive and rarely works.
要主动使用导图。先读一遍，盖住它，在白纸上凭记忆重画，再对照检查漏掉了什么。这种提取练习才能把知识送入长期记忆；只是盯着花花绿绿的纸页属于被动学习，效果很差。
In the final weeks, build a master map with eight to ten nodes - atomic structure, bonding, quantitative chemistry, acids and salts, metals and electrolysis, rates and energy, organic chemistry, analysis and the atmosphere - and draw a line between every pair of topics that shares an idea.
在最后几周，做一张主控导图，包含八到十个节点：原子结构、化学键、定量化学、酸碱与盐、金属与电解、速率与能量、有机化学、化学分析与大气。凡是共享同一概念的两个主题之间，都画一条连线。
2. Atomic Structure | 原子结构
Central node: Atom. Main branches: Subatomic Particles, Electronic Configuration, Periodic Table. From Subatomic Particles, branch to Proton (p⁺, relative mass 1, charge +1), Neutron (n⁰, relative mass 1, charge 0) and Electron (e⁻, relative mass about 1/1840, charge −1).
中心节点：原子。主要分支：亚原子粒子、电子排布、周期表。从亚原子粒子再分出质子（p⁺，相对质量 1，电荷 +1）、中子（n⁰，相对质量 1，电荷 0）和电子（e⁻，相对质量约 1/1840，电荷 −1）。
| Particle 粒子 | Relative mass 相对质量 | Charge 电荷 | Location 位置 |
| Proton 质子 p⁺ | 1 | +1 | Nucleus 原子核 |
| Neutron 中子 n⁰ | 1 | 0 | Nucleus 原子核 |
| Electron 电子 e⁻ | 1/1840 (negligible 可忽略) | −1 | Shells 电子层 |
The nucleus holds the protons and neutrons and contains almost all of the mass of the atom. Electrons occupy shells around the nucleus and account for nearly all of the volume. Draw the nucleus as a small dense dot, not as a scaled picture.
原子核包含质子和中子，集中了原子几乎全部的质量。电子占据核外的电子层，占据了几乎全部的体积。画图时把原子核画成一个致密的小点，不要按真实比例画。
oms are electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
有两个数字最重要。原子序数 Z = 质子数；质量数 A = 质子数 + 中子数。因此中子数 = A − Z。原子整体呈电中性，因为质子数等于电子数。
Z = number of protons = number of electrons (neutral atom)
A = protons + neutrons so neutrons = A − Z
for 14 neutrons, 13 protons and 13 electrons. Practise this three-number routine until it
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