📚 SQA French Quick-Reference Handbook for Key Formulae & Theorems | SQA法语关键公式定理速查手册
This article provides a compact yet comprehensive summary of the essential grammatical 'formulae' and syntactic 'theorems' required for the Year 12 SQA French course. Think of it as your go-to reference for the building blocks of accurate written and spoken French, covering verb constructions, tense agreements, pronoun placement, negative structures, and much more. Each section presents a clear pattern or rule followed by a practical example to help you internalise the logic of the language.
本文为 Year 12 SQA 法语课程提供了一份精炼而全面的关键语法“公式”与句法“定理”速查手册。它可以作为你准确表达法语书面语和口语的必备参考,涵盖动词构式、时态配合、代词位置、否定结构等诸多方面。每个部分先给出清晰的结构公式或规则,再配以实用示例,帮助你内化语言的逻辑。
1. Present Tense Verb Conjugation Formulae | 现在时动词变位公式
The present tense in French follows three main patterns based on the infinitive ending: -er, -ir, and -re. Remove the infinitive ending and add the appropriate stem endings. For regular -er verbs (e.g. parler): stem + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. For regular -ir verbs (e.g. finir): stem + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. For regular -re verbs (e.g. vendre): stem + -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent. Note that the third person singular for -re verbs has no added ending.
法语现在时依据动词不定式词尾的不同主要分为三种模式:-er、-ir 和 -re。去掉不定式词尾,加上相应的词干词尾即可。以 -er 结尾的规则动词(如 parler):词干 + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。以 -ir 结尾的规则动词(如 finir):词干 + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。以 -re 结尾的规则动词(如 vendre):词干 + -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent。注意 -re 动词的第三人称单数不加词尾。
| Subject | -er (parler) | -ir (finir) | -re (vendre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| je | parle | finis | vends |
| tu | parles | finis | vends |
| il/elle/on | parle | finit | vend |
| nous | parlons | finissons | vendons |
| vous | parlez | finissez | vendez |
| ils/elles | parlent | finissent | vendent |
2. Perfect Tense (Le Passe Compose) Construction Theorem | 复合过去时构成定理
The passe compose is formed using an auxiliary verb (avoir or etre) in the present tense followed by the past participle of the main verb. The formula: Subject + (present of avoir/etre) + past participle. Most verbs use avoir. A set of intransitive verbs of movement and reflexive verbs use etre; with etre the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. In negative sentences, the ne...pas wraps around the auxiliary.
复合过去时由助动词(avoir 或 etre)的现在时加上主要动词的过去分词构成。公式:主语 + (avoir/etre 现在时) + 过去分词。大多数动词使用 avoir。一部分表示移动的不及物动词和所有自反动词使用 etre;使用 etre 时过去分词需与主语在性和数上配合。在否定句中,ne...pas 包裹助动词。
- Avoir example: J'ai mange une pomme. (I ate an apple.) / 我吃了一个苹果。
- Etre example: Elle est allee au cinema. (She went to the cinema.) / 她去了电影院。
- Negation: Je n'ai pas fini mes devoirs. (I didn't finish my homework.) / 我没有完成作业。
The past participle agreement rule with the auxiliary avoir deserves its own 'theorem': when a direct object precedes the verb, the past participle agrees with that direct object in gender and number. This frequently occurs with preceding direct object pronouns (l', les, etc.) and with the relative pronoun que.
助动词 avoir 情况下的过去分词配合规则也自成一个“定理”:当直接宾语位于动词之前时,过去分词需与该直接宾语在性和数上配合。这常出现在前置的直接宾语代词(l', les 等)和关系代词 que 的句子中。
3. Imperfect Tense (L'Imparfait) Formula | 未完成过去时公式
The imparfait stem is derived from the first-person plural (nous) form of the present tense, minus the -ons ending. To this stem, add the endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. This formula applies to all verbs except etre, whose stem is et- (j'etais, tu etais, etc.). Use the imparfait for descriptions, habitual actions, and ongoing states in the past.
未完成过去时的词干源自现在时第一人称复数(nous)形式,去掉 -ons。在此基础上加上词尾:-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。此公式适用于除 etre 以外的所有动词,etre 的词干为 et-(j'etais, tu etais 等)。未完成过去时用于过去的描写、习惯性动作和持续状态。
Stem = nous present – ons → + imparfait endings
s parlions, vous parliez, ils parlaient. Another: nous finissons → finiss- → je finissais.
例如,从 nous parlons 得到词干 parl-,变成 je parlais, tu parlais, il parlait, nous parlions, vous parliez, ils parlaient。另一个例子:nous finissons 得到 finiss-,变为 je finissais。
4. Simple Future and Conditional Stems (The Infinitive-Based Theorem) | 简单将来时与条件式词干定理(基于不定式)
The future simple and the conditional present share the same stem: the infinitive plus a set of endings. For regular verbs, take the whole infinitive (for -re verbs, drop the final -e) and add -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont for the futur simple, and -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient for the conditionnel. Irregular stems must be memorised but they follow the same endings pattern.
简单将来时和条件式现在时共用同一词干:即不定式加上一套词尾。对于规则动词,取整个不定式(以 -re 结尾的动词去掉词尾的 -e),然后加上简单将来时的词尾 -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont,以及条件式的词尾 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。不规则的词干需要记忆,但它们遵循同样的词尾模式。
| Infinitive | Futur stem | Example (je) |
|---|---|---|
| parler | parler- | je parlerai / je parlerais |
| finir | finir- | je finirai / je finirais |
| vendre | vendr- | je vendrai / je vendrais |
| avoir | aur- | j'aurai / j'aurais |
| etre | ser- | je serai / je serais |
5. Subjunctive Mood Formation Theorem | 虚拟式构成定理
The present subjunctive is formed from the third-person plural (ils/elles) form of the present indicative, dropping the -ent ending, and adding -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. For nous and vous, the forms are often identical to the imperfect indicative, but context distinguishes them. The subjunctive is triggered by expressions of doubt, necessity, emotion, and certain conjunctions.
虚拟式现在时由直陈式现在时的第三人称复数(ils/elles)形式去掉 -ent 词尾,然后加上 -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent 构成。nous 和 vous 的形式常与直陈式未完成过去时相同,但语境可以区分。虚拟式由表示怀疑、必要性、情感的表达以及某些连词触发。
Stem = ils present – ent → subjunctive endings
For example: ils parlent → parl- → que je parle, que tu parles, qu'il parle, que nous parlions, que vous parliez, qu'ils parlent. Common triggers: il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, etc.
例如:ils parlent → parl- → que je parle, que tu parles, qu'il parle, que nous parlions, que vous parliez, qu'ils parlent。常见触发词:il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que 等。
6. Pronoun Order Theorem (Single Verbs and Compound Tenses) | 代词顺序定理(单动词与复合时态)
ound tenses, the pronouns precede the auxiliary. In affirmative imperatives, the order changes: le/la/les → moi/toi/lui/nous/vous/leur → y → en, and the pronouns are attached with hyphens after the verb.
当两个宾语代词连用在动词前时,必须遵循严格的顺序:me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en。在复合时态中,代词位于助动词之前。在肯定命令式中,顺序变为:le/la/les → moi/toi/lui/nous/vous/leur → y → en,代词通过连字符放在动词之后。
- Standard: Je le lui donne. (I give it to him.) / 我把它给他。
- Imperative: Donne-le-moi ! (Give it to me!) / 把它给我!
- Compound: Je le lui ai donne. (I gave it to him.) / 我把它给了他。
This theorem also integrates the position of ne in negation: ne + pronouns + auxiliary/verb + pas. Example: Je ne le lui ai pas donne. (I did not give it to him.)
该定理还整合了否定词 ne 的位置:ne + 代词 + 助动词/动词 + pas。例如:Je ne le lui ai pas donne。(我没有把它给他。)
7. Negation Structure Formulae | 否定结构公式
The fundamental negation 'sandwich' for simple tenses is: ne + conjugated verb + pas. In compound tenses, it is ne + auxiliary + pas + past participle. For two-part negations (ne...jamais, ne...rien, ne...personne, ne...plus, etc.), the second element replaces pas and follows the same positional rules, with personne able to appear after the past participle or as a subject.
简单时态的基本否定结构为“夹心”式:ne + 变位动词 + pas。在复合时态中,结构为 ne + 助动词 + pas + 过去分词。对于双词否定(ne...jamais, ne...rien, ne...personne, ne...plus 等),第二部分取代 pas 且遵循同样的位置规则,其中 personne 可出现在过去分词之后或作主语。
- Present: Je ne mange pas. (I don't eat.) / 我不吃。
- Passe compose: Je n'ai rien vu. (I saw nothing.) / 我什么也没看见。
- Personne n'est venu. (Nobody came.) / 没有人来。
Also, remember that in infinitive constructions, both parts of the negation precede the infinitive: ne pas fumer, ne jamais abandonner.
此外,在不定式结构中,否定词的两部分都放在不定式之前:ne pas fumer(禁止吸烟),ne jamais abandonner(永远不要放弃)。
8. Interrogative Formation Theorem | 疑问句构成定理
Three registers exist for forming questions in French. The informal register uses simple intonation (Tu viens ?). The standard inverted form follows the rule: verb + hyphen + subject pronoun (Viens-tu ?). When the subject is a noun, it remains before the verb but a pronoun is added after: Paul vient-il ? In the perfect tense, inversion applies to the auxiliary: A-t-il fini ? The formal est-ce que construction uses est-ce que + declarative sentence.
法语的疑问句有三种语域。非正式语域使用简单的语调(Tu viens ?)。标准的倒装形式遵循规则:动词 + 连字符 + 主语代词(Viens-tu ?)。当主语是名词时,名词仍保留在动词前,但需在后面添加代词:Paul vient-il ?。在完整时态中,倒装应用于助动词:A-t-il fini ?。正式的 est-ce que 结构则使用 est-ce que + 陈述句。
Note the insertion of -t- between verb and pronoun when the verb ends in a vowel and the pronoun begins with a vowel (a-t-il, parle-t-elle). In compound tenses, the object pronouns and negations stay attached to the auxiliary.
注意当动词以元音结尾且代词以元音开头时,需在中间插入 -t-(a-t-il, parle-t-elle)。在复合时态中,宾语代词和否定词仍与助动词连在一起。
9. Adjective Position and Agreement Theorems | 形容词位置与配合定理
: beau, vieux, bon, grand, petit, etc. All adjectives must agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun they describe. The general rule for forming the feminine is to add -e to the masculine form; for the plural, add -s. However, numerous irregular patterns exist (e.g., -eux → -euse, -if → -ive, -el → -elle).
大多数法语形容词置于所修饰名词之后,但有一组特定的“BAGS”形容词(Beauty美、Age年龄、Goodness好、Size尺寸)通常置于名词之前:beau, vieux, bon, grand, petit 等。所有形容词都必须与所描述名词的性(阳性/阴性)和数(单数/复数)配合。构成阴性的一般规则是在阳性形式后加 -e;构成复数则加 -s。但存在许多不规则模式(如 -eux → -euse, -if → -ive, -el → -elle)。
| Masculine sing. | Feminine sing. | Masculine plur. | Feminine plur. |
|---|---|---|---|
| grand | grande | grands | grandes |
| heureux | heureuse | heureux | heureuses |
| sportif | sportive | sportifs | sportives |
For colours and other adjectives derived from nouns, the agreement may be different: orange and marron usually remain invariable. Des cravates orange (orange ties).
对于颜色和其他名词派生的形容词,配合可能不同:orange 和 marron 通常保持不变。Des cravates orange(橘色领带)。
10. Comparative and Superlative Formulae | 比较级与最高级公式
is le/la/les plus/moins + adjective (adjective follows the noun if normally postposed, and de is used for 'in/of' eilleur, bien → mieux, mauvais → pire (or plus mauvais), petit → moindre (less important).
比较级由 plus/moins/aussi + 形容词/副词 + que 构成。用于名词时,结构为 plus de/moins de/autant de + 名词 + que。最高级是 le/la/les plus/moins + 形容词(如果形容词通常后置,则形容词仍在名词之后,且 de 表示“在……之中”:la plus grande ville de France)。不规则比较级:bon → meilleur,bien → mieux,mauvais → pire(或 plus mauvais),petit → moindre(指更重要程度)。
- Il est plus intelligent que son frere. (He is more intelligent than his brother.) / 他比他哥哥更聪明。
- Elle a autant de livres que moi. (She has as many books as I do.) / 她和我有同样多的书。
- C'est le film le moins interessant de l'annee. (It's the least interesting film of the year.) / 这是今年最没意思的电影。
11. Relative Pronoun Selection Theorem (qui, que, dont, ou) | 关系代词选择定理(qui, que, dont, ou)
The choice of relative pronoun depends on its grammatical function in the clause. Qui is used as the subject of the relative clause: La fille qui parle. Que is the direct object: Le livre que je lis. Dont replaces de + noun (expression of possession, cause, etc.): L'homme dont je parle. Ou replaces a place or time expression: La ville ou je suis ne.
关系代词的选择取决于其在从句中的语法功能。Qui 用作从句的主语:La fille qui parle(说话的女孩)。Que 用作直接宾语:Le livre que je lis(我正在读的书)。Dont 取代 de + 名词(表示所属、原因等):L'homme dont je parle(我谈到的那个人)。Ou 取代地点或时间表达:La ville ou je suis ne(我出生的城市)。
For compound relatives, ce qui, ce que, ce dont function as the same but without a specific antecedent: Ce qui m'etonne, c'est... (What surprises me is...). Remember agreement of past participle with que when object precedes.
对于复合关系代词,ce qui, ce que, ce dont 功能相同,但没有明确的先行词:Ce qui m'etonne, c'est...(令我惊讶的是……)。记住当宾语前置时,过去分词须与 que 配合。
12. Prepositions with Infinitives Theorem | 介词与不定式搭配定理
Certain French verbs are followed by the preposition a or de before an infinitive, and some take no preposition. Memorising these patterns is a key formula for accuracy. Common patterns: commencer a faire, continuer a faire, aider a faire; arreter de faire, decider de faire, essayer de faire; verbs of perception (voir, entendre) take no preposition: Je le vois courir. After adjectives, de is often used: C'est facile a dire, Il est content de partir.
某些法语动词后接不定式时需要加上介词 a 或 de,也有一些动词无需介词。记住这些搭配模式是提高准确性的关键公式。常见搭配:commencer a faire(开始做),continuer a faire(继续做),aider a faire(帮助做);arreter de faire(停止做),decider de faire(决定做),essayer de faire(尝试做);感觉动词(voir, entendre)不加介词:Je le vois courir(我看见他跑)。形容词后常用 de:C'est facile a dire(说起来容易),Il est content de partir(他高兴离开)。
A useful mnemonic: many verbs of effort and intention take de, while many verbs of movement, tendency, and success take a. However, always check specific lists for SQA requirements.
一个有用的助记:许多表示努力和意图的动词用 de,而许多表示移动、趋势和成功的动词用 a。但最好始终核对 SQA 要求的具体清单。
Published by TutorHao | French Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图