📚 Year 11 CAIE Sociology: A Quick Memory Guide to Key Vocabulary | Year 11 CAIE 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociological terminology is essential for success in CAIE IGCSE Sociology. This guide breaks down key terms by topic and provides memory aids to help you recall them confidently in exams. From core concepts to research methods, each section offers simple explanations paired with unforgettable memory hooks.
掌握社会学专业术语是取得 CAIE IGCSE 社会学考试高分的关键。本指南按主题拆分关键术语，并配以记忆辅助手段，帮助你在考场上自信作答。从核心概念到研究方法，每一部分都提供了简单明了的解释，搭配让人难以忘记的记忆钩子。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 社会学核心概念
These foundational terms are used across all units. Getting them clear early will sharpen your analysis throughout the paper.
这些基础术语会出现在所有单元中。早点把它们理清，能让你在整张试卷中的分析更锐利。
Culture refers to the shared language, beliefs, values, customs and material objects that shape a society's way of life. Memory hook: think of 'culture' as what you 'cultivate' together – like tending a community garden.
文化指共同的语言、信仰、价值观、习俗和物质产品，它们塑造了一个社会的生活方式。记忆钩子：把“文化”想象成大家一起“培育”的东西——就像照料一座社区花园。
Norms are the unwritten rules of expected behaviour in specific situations. Link them to 'normal' – norms tell you what is considered normal in a group.
规范是特定情境下不成文的、被期待的行为规则。把它和“正常”联系起来——规范告诉你在一个群体中什么是正常的。
Values are abstract beliefs about what is desirable, right or wrong. Picture a 'value tag' stuck on behaviours: values show what we prize.
价值观是关于什么值得追求、什么是正确或错误的抽象信念。想象行为上贴着“价值标签”：价值观表明我们珍视什么。
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning one's culture. Break it into 'social' + 'isation' – becoming social. Think of a baby gradually absorbing the rules around them.
社会化是终身学习自身文化的过程。拆成“社会”+“化”——变得适应社会。可以想象婴儿逐渐吸收周围规则的过程。
Role describes the expected behaviour linked to a particular status, like the role of a student. Mnemonic: an actor plays a role on stage; in society, we play roles according to our status.
角色描述与特定身份相连的期待行为，比如学生的角色。助记法：演员在舞台上扮演角色；在社会中，我们根据自己的地位扮演角色。
Status is a person's position in society. Ascribed status is fixed at birth (e.g. prince), while achieved status is earned (e.g. doctor). Link 'ascribed' to 'assigned' at birth.
地位是个人在社会中的位置。先赋地位是天生的（如王子），自致地位是靠努力获得的（如医生）。把“先赋”联想为出生时就被“赋予”的。
2. Social Stratification & Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Stratification vocabulary helps you explain how societies are divided and why some groups have more opportunities than others.
分层术语帮助你解释社会如何被划分，以及为什么某些群体比其他人拥有更多机会。
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of groups based on wealth, status or power. Picture geological 'strata' layers – society has layers too.
社会分层是基于财富、地位或权力的群体等级排列。想象地质学中的“地层”——社会同样有层。
Class is a form of stratification based primarily on economic position. Remember the three classic layers: upper, middle and working class.
阶级是一种主要以经济地位为基础的分层形式。记住经典的三个层次：上层、中层和工人阶级。
Life chances refer to people's opportunities to access desirable goods and positive outcomes, such as good health or education. Think: your class often shapes your life's 'chance card'.
生活机遇指人们获得理想事物和积极成果（如健康或教育）的机会。想想：你的阶级往往决定了你的人生“机会牌”。
Social mobility is movement between strata. Upward mobility is climbing; downward is falling. Visualise an escalator – some move up, some down.
社会流动是在不同层级之间的移动。向上流动是爬升；向下流动是下降。想象一部自动扶梯——有人向上，有人向下。
3. Family & Household Forms | 家庭与住户形式
Family terminology appears frequently in exam questions about changing relationships and roles at home.
家庭术语经常出现在关于家庭关系与角色变化的试题中。
Nuclear family consists of two generations: parents and their dependent children. Visualise a small 'nucleus' of parent-child bonds.
核心家庭由两代人组成：父母及其受抚养子女。想象一个由亲子纽带构成的微小“核心”。
Extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear unit, such as grandparents living together. Think 'extending' beyond the nucleus.
扩展家庭包含核心家庭以外的亲属，例如同住的祖父母。想想从核心“向外延伸”。
Reconstituted family (blended family) is formed when partners bring children from previous relationships. Remember 're-' means again – restructuring a new family unit.
重组家庭（混合家庭）由伴侣带着前次关系中的子女组成。记住“re-”表示再次——重新组建一个新的家庭单位。
Symmetrical family describes more balanced gender roles within the home. The word suggests 'same measure' – men and women sharing tasks more equally.
对称家庭描述家庭内更平衡的性别角色。这个词暗示“对称的量度”——男性和女性更均等地分担家务。
Patriarchy is a system where men hold dominant power. Break it into 'patri' (father) + 'archy' (rule) – rule of the father.
父权制是男性掌握主导权的体系。拆成“patri”（父亲）+“archy”（统治）——父亲的统治。
4. Education & Achievement | 教育与成就
Understanding education terms lets you discuss why some pupils outperform others and the role schools play beyond teaching subjects.
理解教育术语，你就能论述为什么一些学生比另一些表现更好，以及学校在传授科目之外还扮演什么角色。
Hidden curriculum is the informal learning of norms, values and attitudes through school routines. It is the 'silent syllabus' teaching obedience and punctuality. Memory hook: it is hidden behind the official timetable.
隐性课程是通过学校日常活动非正式地学到规范、价值观和态度。它是教导服从和守时的“沉默的教学大纲”。记忆钩子：它隐藏在官方课程表背后。
Meritocracy describes a system where rewards are based on ability and effort. Link 'merit' to 'earn merit' – you succeed through hard work, not background.
唯才主义描述奖励基于能力和努力的系统。将“merit”与“赢得 merit”联系起来——成功源于努力，而非出身。
Labelling is attaching a characteristic to a student, such as 'troublemaker'. That label can stick. Mnemonic: a physical label stuck on a jar – teachers sometimes stick labels on pupils.
贴标签指给学生贴上某种特征标签，例如“捣蛋鬼”。这一标签可能粘住不放。助记法：就像罐子上贴着标签——教师有时也给学上贴标签。
Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a label is internalised and the person behaves accordingly. Think: you hear you are 'bright', so you act bright and become bright.
自我实现的预言指的是一个标签被内化后，个体按照标签行事。想一想：你听到自己被说“聪明”，于是表现得聪明，最终变得聪明。
Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, attitudes and tastes that the middle class possess and that education rewards. Picture a 'cultural wallet' you bring to school.
文化资本指中产阶级拥有的、教育体系所奖励的知识、态度和品味。想象你带进学校的“文化钱包”。
5. Crime, Deviance & Control | 犯罪、偏差与社会控制
This section covers words that explain why rules are broken and how societies respond.
这一节涵盖了解释规则为何被打破以及社会如何回应的词汇。
Deviance is behaviour that goes against the accepted norms, but not necessarily breaking the law. Memory tip: a 'deviant' act deviates from the path of normal behaviour – like walking outside the lines.
偏差是违背公认规范的行为，但不一定触犯法律。记忆提示：一个“偏差”行为偏离了正常行为的路径——就像走到线条外面。
Crime ritten law. Think: crime = court. Deviance might get you looks; crime gets you a sentence.
犯罪特指违反了成文法。想：crime = 法庭。偏差可能招来侧目；犯罪会让你被判刑。
Formal social control is carried out by official institutions such as police, courts and prisons. Associate 'formal' with uniforms and official procedures.
正式社会控制由警察、法院和监狱等官方机构实施。将“正式”与制服和官方程序联系起来。
Informal social control is enforced by family, peers and community through rewards and punishments like praise or gossip. It feels 'informal' because it happens in everyday chat.
非正式社会控制由家庭、同辈和社区通过赞美或闲话等奖惩来实施。它之所以“非正式”，是因为发生在日常交谈中。
Anomie (Durkheim) is a state of normlessness, where individuals feel disconnected due to rapidly changing rules. Mnemonic: 'a' (without) + 'nomos' (law) – without norms.
失范（涂尔干）是一种规范缺失的状态，个人因规则迅速变化而感到疏离。助记法：“a”（无）+“nomos”（法则）——没有规范。
White-collar crime is non-violent crime committed by professionals, like fraud. Picture a suit with a white collar – crime done with a pen, not a gun.
白领犯罪是由专业人士实施的非暴力犯罪，如欺诈。想象一件白领衬衫——用笔而不是用枪实施的犯罪。
6. Media Influence & Representation | 媒体影响与表征
Media vocabulary helps you analyse how mass communication shapes our view of the world.
媒体词汇帮助你分析大众传播如何塑造我们对世界的看法。
Mass media are forms of communication reaching large audiences simultaneously – TV, social media, newspapers. Think 'mass' = massive audience.
大众媒体是同时触达大规模受众的传播形式——电视、社交媒体、报纸。想想“mass”= 大量受众。
Hypodermic syringe model suggests media messages are directly injected into a passive audience, causing immediate effects. Picture a giant needle injecting ideas into minds.
皮下注射模型认为媒体信息被直接注射进被动的受众，产生即时影响。想象一根巨大的针直接把想法注入大脑。
Uses and gratifications model argues the audience actively uses media to satisfy needs – such as entertainment or personal identity. Remember 'uses' = you use media, it doesn't just use you.
使用与满足模型主张受众主动使用媒体来满足需求——如娱乐或个人认同。记住“使用”=你使用媒体，而非媒体使用你。
Agenda setting is the media's power to decide which issues are considered important. Visualise a meeting table setting the 'agenda' of public conversation.
议程设置是媒体决定哪些议题被视为重要的权力。想象一张会议桌上正在设定公众对话的“议程”。
Moral panic refers to an exaggerated public fear that a group or behaviour threatens society. (Cohen). Memory: think of a 'panic' that gets blown out of proportion by the media.
道德恐慌指一种被夸大的公众恐惧，认为某个群体或行为威胁到社会。（科恩）记忆：想想媒体把一场“恐慌”吹得不成比例。
7. Research Methods & Data | 研究方法与数据
Methodology words are vital for evaluating studies and answering methods-based questions with precision.
方法论词汇对于精确评价研究和回答方法类题目至关重要。
Qualitative data is descriptive, in-depth and non-numerical, such as interview transcripts. Link 'quality' to 'qualitative' – it describes the quality of experience.
定性数据是描述性、深度且非数值的，如访谈记录。将“quality”与“qualitative”联系起来——它描述的是经验的品质。
Quantitative data is numerical and can be measured, presented in graphs. Remember 'quantity' – you count how many.
定量数据是数值型、可测量的，可用图表呈现。记住“quantity”（数量）——你数有多少。
Validity asks whether research truly measures what it claims to measure. Keyword 'valid' – truthful. A method that lets participants speak freely often has high validity.
效度问的是研究是否真正测量了它声称要测量的东西。关键词“有效的”——真实的。一种让参与者自由发言的方法通常具有高效度。
Reliability is about consistency: if someone else repeats the study, they will get similar results. Think 'reliable like a reliable friend' – you can count on it to behave the same way.
信度关乎一致性：如果别人重复该研究，会得到相似的结果。想想“可靠的朋友”——你可以指望它每次都表现得一样。
Random sampling gives every member of the target population an equal chance of selection, like pulling names from a hat.
随机抽样让目标总体中的每个人有均等的选中机会，就像从帽子里抽名字。
Stratified sampling divides the population into strata (layers) and then randomly selects from each. Visualise a cake cut into layers – you take a slice from every layer.
分层抽样先将总体分成不同层次，再从每个层次中随机抽取。想象一个被切成层的蛋糕——你从每层各取一块。
8. Theoretical Perspectives | 理论视角
Knowing major sociological perspectives gives your answers a strong analytic backbone. Memorise these four lenses with a simple acronym: FEMI.
了解主要的社会学视角能为你的答案提供牢固的分析框架。用一个简单的首字母缩略词 FEMI 记住这四个透镜。
Functionalism (F) sees society as a system of interrelated parts that work together, like organs in a body. Mnemonic: 'function' means job – each part has a function to maintain stability.
功能主义(F) 把社会看作相互关联、协同运作的部分组成的系统，就像人体的器官。助记法：“功能”意味着职责——每个部分都有维持稳定的功能。
Marxism letariat (workers). Remember Marx = class struggle, two opposing forces tugging at wealth.
马克思主义(M) 聚焦资产阶级（所有者）与无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级冲突。记住马克思 = 阶级斗争，两股相反的力量在争夺财富。
Feminism (E) in 'FEMI' stands for examining gender inequality and patriarchal structures. (We use E for equality focus). Think 'feminine' values and the fight for equal rights.
女性主义(FEMI中的E) 代表审视性别不平等与父权结构。（我们用E强调对平等的关注）。联想“女性”价值观和为平等权利而奋斗。
Interactionism (I) studies small-scale face-to-face interactions and how meanings are created. Key image: two people interacting and interpreting each other's gestures.
互动论(I) 研究小范围、面对面的互动以及意义如何被创造出来。关键形象：两个人正在互动，并解释彼此的姿势。
9. Mnemonics and Quick Acronyms | 助记符号与首字母缩略词
Here are ready-made memory shortcuts for
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