📚 Year 12 SQA History: Bridging the Gap to University | SQA 历史：升学衔接指南
For Year 12 students studying SQA History, the final year of secondary school is not just about passing exams — it is a critical bridge between school and university. Whether you are completing Higher History or tackling the demands of Advanced Higher, the skills you develop now will directly shape your readiness for degree-level study. This guide explains how to make the most of your SQA History course, understand what universities expect, and build the historical mindset needed to thrive in higher education.
对于学习 SQA 历史的十二年级学生来说，中学的最后一年不仅是为了通过考试——它是连接中学与大学的关键桥梁。无论你正在完成 Higher 历史还是挑战 Advanced Higher 的严苛要求，现在培养的技能将直接决定你进入本科阶段学习的准备程度。本指南将说明如何充分利用你的 SQA 历史课程，理解大学的期望，并建立适应高等教育所需的历史思维。
1. The SQA History Journey: National 5 to Advanced Higher | SQA 历史学习路径：从 National 5 到 Advanced Higher
Understanding the progression within SQA History helps you see where you stand and where you need to go. Typically, pupils progress from National 5 History in S4 to Higher in S5, and then to Advanced Higher in S6. Each stage adds layers of complexity in knowledge, analysis, and independent study. At Higher level, you are expected to construct balanced essays using recalled knowledge and to analyse sources critically. By Advanced Higher, the focus shifts to producing a 4000-word dissertation based on your own research, alongside an examination essay on a specialised field of study. This progressive structure mirrors the journey from guided learning to the independent scholarship required at university.
了解 SQA 历史的进阶体系有助于你认清当前水平和目标方向。通常，学生从 S4 的 National 5 历史升入 S5 的 Higher 历史，再进入 S6 的 Advanced Higher。每个阶段都在知识深度、分析能力和独立学习方面层层加码。在 Higher 阶段，你需要运用记忆的知识构建平衡的论文，并批判性地分析资料。到了 Advanced Higher，重点转向基于自主研究撰写 4000 词的学位论文，以及在特定研究领域完成考试论文。这种渐进式结构恰好反映了从引导式学习到大学所需独立学术研究的过渡。
The SQA framework deliberately emphasises Scottish history across all levels, but also requires study of British, European and world contexts. This breadth helps you develop comparative skills — a quality highly valued by university history departments. Whether you choose the Scottish Wars of Independence, the Atlantic Slave Trade, or the Russian Revolution, you are learning to think beyond a single narrative.
SQA 体系在各个级别都特意强调苏格兰历史，但同时也要求学习英国、欧洲和世界历史背景。这种广度有助于你发展比较能力——而这正是大学历史系高度看重的品质。无论你选择的是苏格兰独立战争、大西洋奴隶贸易还是俄国革命，你都在学习如何跳出单一叙事进行思考。
2. Mastering Higher History: Core Skills for University Success | 掌握 Higher 历史：大学成功所需的核心技能
Higher History serves as the foundation for university-level study. The course is assessed through two question papers and an extended assignment. Paper 1 requires you to write two essays from different historical areas, demonstrating a structured argument, accurate factual detail, and an ability to reach a reasoned conclusion. This is exactly the skill demanded in first-year undergraduate examinations. Paper 2 tests your ability to evaluate sources — a skill central to seminar discussions and historiography modules at university.
Higher 历史是为大学水平学习打下基础的课程。它的评估由两套试题和一份拓展作业组成。试卷一要求你从不同历史领域撰写两篇论文，展示结构化的论证、准确的事实细节以及得出合理结论的能力。这正是大学一年级考试所要求的能力。试卷二考查你评价资料的能力——这是大学课堂讨论和史学史模块的核心技能。
Many students underestimate the continuity between Higher essays and university work. A well-crafted Higher essay — with a clear introduction, logical paragraphs, and balanced judgement — already mirrors the micro-essays expected in undergraduate modules. Instead of treating the Higher assignment as a box-ticking exercise, view it as an early opportunity to practise independent research. The 1500-word assignment on a topic of your choice lets you formulate a question, select sources, and present an argument. University tutors will recognise this as a miniature dissertation. Approaching it with genuine curiosity rather than mere compliance builds the intellectual habits that set strong applicants apart.
许多学生低估了 Higher 论文与大学作业之间的延续性。一篇结构清晰的 Higher 论文——包括明确的引言、逻辑连贯的段落和平衡的判断——已经类似本科模块所要求的微论文。不要把 Higher 的作业看作是应付任务，而要把它看作练习独立研究的早期机会。围绕自选主题撰写的 1500 词作业让你能够提出问题、选择资料并呈现论点。大学教师会将其视为一份小型学位论文。以真正的好奇心而非应付心态去完成它，能培养使你脱颖而出的学术习惯。
Source evaluation in Higher also lays the groundwork for critical literacy. You learn to identify authorship, purpose, bias, and omission. At university, you will be expected to do this instinctively with both primary and secondary texts. Practise going beyond 'this source is biased' to explain how the bias shapes the argument and what gaps it creates. Such nuance impresses examiners and prepares you for the historiographical debates that define degree-level history.
Higher 历史中的资料评价也为批判性读写能力奠定了基础。你学会识别作者身份、写作目的、偏见和遗漏。在大学里，你需要本能地对一手和二手文献进行同样的分析。练习不要停留在“这份资料有偏见”上，而要进一步解释偏见如何塑造论点以及造成了哪些空白。这种细致辨析会让考官印象深刻，也使你为定义学位水平历史的史学争论做好准备。
3. Diving Deeper: Advanced Higher History and Independent Research | 深入探索：Advanced Higher 历史与独立研究
Advanced Higher History is the closest school-level experience to university history. The course consists of a 4000-word dissertation (worth 50% of the final grade) and an examination paper on a specific field of study. The dissertation requires you to define a historical question, locate relevant primary and secondary sources, analyse them, and construct a sustained academic argument. This process mimics exactly what you will do in final-year undergraduate dissertations, providing an invaluable head start.
Advanced Higher 历史是与大学历史最接近的中学阶段体验。该课程包括一份 4000 词的学位论文（占总成绩的 50%）以及一份针对特定研究领域的考试试卷。论文要求你界定一个历史问题，寻找相关的一手和二手资料，进行分析，并构建持续的学术论证。这个过程完全模拟你在本科毕业设计中要做的事情，为你提供宝贵的先机。
The greatest challenge — and the greatest reward — of the Advanced Higher is the shift from teacher-directed learning to student-led inquiry. You are expected to manage your own research timeline, identify suitable sources, and refine your question as your understanding deepens. This autonomy is precisely what universities want to see. When you write about this experience in your personal statement, you demonstrate that you have already begun to think like an undergraduate historian.
Advanced Higher 最大的挑战和最大的回报，就是从教师指导的学习转向学生主导的探究。你需要管理自己的研究进度，寻找合适的资料，并在理解加深的过程中不断优化研究问题。这种自主性正是大学所希望看到的。当你在个人陈述中写到这段经历时，你就展示了自己已经像一名本科历史系学生那样开始思考。
To make the most of this opportunity, treat your dissertation topic as a serious intellectual project. Choose something that genuinely fascinates you, not just what seems easy. Read beyond the textbook: explore academic journals, edited collections, and digital archives. Engage with conflicting interpretations rather than settling for a single narrative. The capacity to weigh different historians' arguments is a hallmark of a mature student of history, and it will serve you well in university seminars.
要充分利用这个机会，就要把你的论文主题当作一个严肃的学术项目来对待。选择真正让你着迷的题目，而不是看起来容易的。阅读范围不要局限于教科书：探索学术期刊、论文合集和数字化档案。直面相互冲突的历史解释，而非满足于单一叙事。掂量不同史学家论点的能力是成熟历史学习者的标志，也将在大学研讨课中让你受益匪浅。
4. Historiography and Critical Thinking | 史学史与批判性思维
University history is not just about learning what happened; it is about understanding how history is written. Historiography — the study of historical writing and interpretation — becomes central from the first year onwards. SQA courses introduce this idea through source evaluation, but you can deepen your engagement independently. Start asking why historians disagree: do they use different sources? Do they hold different political or theoretical commitments? Are they writing at different times for different audiences?
大学历史不仅关乎了解发生过什么，更关乎理解历史是如何被书写的。史学史——即对历史书写和解释的研究——从大学一年级起就成为了核心。SQA 课程通过资料评估引入了这一概念，但你完全可以自主加深涉猎。开始追问为什么史学家们存在分歧：他们使用了不同的资料吗？他们持有不同的政治或理论立场吗？他们是在不同时代为不同的读者写作吗？
Developing a sense of historiography early makes a significant difference. You can practise by taking a topic from your Higher or Advanced Higher course and identifying at least three historians who have written about it. For Scotland’s role in the British Empire, for instance, compare the interpretations of T.M. Devine, Michael Fry, and a postcolonial scholar. Note how their arguments differ on questions of agency, economic impact, and moral responsibility. This habit prepares you for the analytical essays that dominate university assessment.
尽早培养史学意识会带来显著的不同。你可以从 Higher 或 Advanced Higher 课程中选一个主题，找出至少三位就此写作的史学家进行练习。例如，关于苏格兰在大英帝国中的角色，可以比较 T.M. Devine、Michael Fry 与一位后殖民学者的解释。留意他们在行动主体、经济影响和道德责任等问题上的观点有何不同。这一习惯能为你应对大学评估中占据主导的分析性论文做好准备。
Critical thinking also means questioning the categories we take for granted. 'Scottish history', 'British history', 'European history' — these are not fixed containers but contested constructs. When you cross the boundary from school to university, you are expected to engage with these debates. Reading a few chapters from E.H. Carr's What is History? or John Tosh's The Pursuit of History can be transformative for Year 12 students preparing to bridge the gap.
批判性思维也意味着质疑我们习以为常的分类。“苏格兰历史”、“英国历史”、“欧洲历史”——这些并不是固定不变的容器，而是充满争议的建构。当从中学跨入大学时，你会被期望参与这些争论。对于准备衔接的十二年级学生来说，读上几章 E.H. Carr 的《历史是什么？》或 John Tosh 的《历史学的追求》，可能会带来颠覆性的影响。
5. Source Analysis and the Historian’s Craft | 资料分析与历史学家的技艺
At university, the ability to work with primary sources moves from being a component of assessment to being the very heart of the discipline. In SQA History, you already handle sources: extracts from speeches, letters, newspaper reports, and official documents. To bridge effectively, start treating source analysis as a craft rather than a test technique. For each source, ask not only 'Is it reliable?' but 'What can and cannot this source tell me? What voices are absent? How does this source illuminate the wider context?'
在大学里，处理一手资料的能力从评估的一个组成部分上升为学科的核心。在 SQA 历史中，你已经接触过资料：演讲摘录、书信、报纸报道和官方文件。为了有效衔接，要开始将资料分析视为一门技艺而非应试技巧。对每一份资料，不仅要问“它可靠吗？”，还要追问“这份资料能告诉我什么、不能告诉我什么？有哪些声音缺席？它如何照亮更广阔的背景？”
One practical bridging activity is to create your own mini-source collection for an essay topic. For a Higher essay on the causes of the Russian Revolution, gather a short primary source from a Tsarist official, a Bolshevik pamphlet, and a foreign diplomat’s account. Analyse how their perspectives differ and why. Then compare your findings with a historian’s interpretation. This triangulation mirrors the way undergraduate seminar papers are often constructed and develops the research reflex that A-level and Advanced Higher students need.
一个实用的衔接练习就是为某个论文题目创建你自己的迷你资料集。对于探讨俄国革命起因的 Higher 论文，收集一份沙皇官员的一手资料、一份布尔什维克的小册子和一份外国外交官的记述。分析他们的视角为何不同。然后将你的发现与某位史学家的解释进行比较。这种三角互证法反映了本科研讨课论文的常见构建方式，并能培养 A-level 和 Advanced Higher 学生所需的研究反射。
Remember that primary sources are not inherently more truthful than secondary works. They are products of their time, shaped by purpose and audience — just like the textbooks and articles you read. Developing a critical eye for both primary and secondary material is essential for success in university examinations, where you may be given an unseen source and asked to contextualise it within historiographical debates.
请记住，一手资料并不天然比二手著作更真实。它们也是时代的产物，受目的和读者塑形——与你所读的教科书和文章一样。同时以批判眼光看待一手和二手材料，对于在大学考试中取得好成绩至关重要，因为届时你可能会面对一份未见过的资料，并被要求将其置于史学争论之中加以阐释。
6. Transitioning to University-Level Writing | 向大学水平的写作过渡
Writing at university is more self-directed and more argument-driven than at school. While SQA Higher and Advanced Higher already push you to develop a line of analysis, university essays typically demand greater depth of research and a clearer engagement with historiography. The introduction must signal the scope of the question, flag the main strands of argument, and indicate your stance. The conclusion should not merely summarise but reflect on implications, limitations, and further questions.
大学写作比中学阶段更强调自我引导和论证驱动。虽然 SQA Higher 和 Advanced Higher 已经推动你发展分析线索，但大学论文通常要求更深的研究和更明确的史学对话。引言必须点明问题的范围、标示主要论证线索并表明你的立场。结论不应只是总结，而要反思影响、局限和进一步的问题。
One helpful transition exercise is to take a Higher or Advanced Higher essay and rewrite the introduction as if it were for a university module. Start with a historiographical hook: 'While historian X has argued that ..., historian Y contends that ... . This essay will examine ... in order to argue that ...' This structure signals that you are aware of the wider academic conversation — something that earns higher marks at university. You might also experiment with using footnotes to reference specific historians, even if SQA does not require this. The practice of citing accurately and consistently will save you much trouble in your first year.
一个有益的过渡练习是，取一篇 Higher 或 Advanced Higher 论文，按大学模块的方式重写引言。从史学引子开始：“虽然史学家 X 主张……，但史学家 Y 则认为……。本文将考察……以论证……”这种结构表明你意识到了更广泛的学术对话——这能在大学里获得更高分数。你也可以尝试使用脚注引用具体的史学家，即使 SQA 并不作此要求。准确且前后一致地引用的实践，能为你上大学第一年省去很多麻烦。
Clarity remains paramount. Some students mistakenly believe that complex language equals academic rigour. In reality, university tutors value clear, precise prose that makes the argument easy to follow. Avoid unnecessary jargon, and always define key terms ('revisionism', 'Whig history', 'hegemony') the first time you use them. This habit of writing for a reader, not just for yourself, is a sign of a maturing historian.
清晰度依然至关重要。有些学生误以为复杂的语言等同于学术严谨。实际上，大学教师看重的是清晰、准确的文字，让论证易于理解。避免不必要的术语，并在首次使用时始终定义关键概念（如“修正主义”、“辉格式历史”、“霸权”）。这种为读者而写作而非仅仅为自己而写的习惯，正是成熟历史学家的标志。
7. Time Management and Effective Revision | 时间管理与高效复习
Managing time well for history is not just about allocating hours — it is about varying the type of mental work to deepen understanding. For a Higher history student, revision should mix factual recall with analytical practice. Use active recall techniques such as creating timelines from memory, writing essay plans under timed conditions, and explaining historical concepts aloud. Avoid simply rereading notes, which creates an illusion of mastery without strengthening the skills needed for exam performance or university study.
做好历史学习的时间管理不仅仅关乎分配时长，更关乎变换思维工作的类型来深化理解。对于 Higher 历史学生来说，复习应把事实记忆与分析练习结合起来。使用主动回忆法，例如凭记忆制作时间线、在计时条件下撰写论文提纲，以及出声解释历史概念。避免单纯反复阅读笔记，这会造成掌握的假象，却无法强化考试表现和大学学习所需的技能。
Advanced Higher students face a different time management challenge: balancing the dissertation with ongoing coursework and examination preparation. A useful strategy is to block specific times in the week solely for dissertation work, treating these sessions as non-negotiable — much like a university seminar or tutorial. Plan research milestones backward from the submission date, and build in buffer weeks for drafting and revision. This approach mirrors the project management skills you will need for longer undergraduate assignments and final-year dissertations.
Advanced Higher 学生则面临不同的时间管理挑战：平衡学位论文与持续的课程学习和备考。一个有用的策略是在每周安排专门用于论文写作的固定时间段，将这些时段视为不可动摇的约定——如同大学研讨课或辅导课一样。从提交日期倒推设置研究里程碑，并留出缓冲周用于初稿和修改。这种方法对应了你在更长学制的本科作业和毕业设计中将需要的项目管理技能。
Both cohorts benefit from interleaved study: instead of blocking one topic per session, mix topics and question types. For example, spend 25 minutes on Scottish source questions, then switch to European essay plans. This cognitive switching mirrors the unpredictable demands of exams and builds flexible thinking — a quality essential for seminar discussions and university problem-solving tasks.
两类学生都能从交错学习中受益：与其每轮只学一个主题，不如混合不同主题和问题类型。例如，花 25 分钟做苏格兰资料题，然后转向欧洲历史论文提纲。这种认知切换模拟了考试不可预知的要求，并培养灵活的思维——这对于研讨课讨论和大学解决问题的任务至关重要。
8. Building a Reading Habit: From Textbooks to Academic Journals | 培养阅读习惯：从教科书到学术期刊
One of the most significant leaps between school and university history is the volume and nature of reading. At school, you may rely predominantly on a core textbook and a small set of supplementary materials. At university, weekly reading lists can include several book chapters and journal articles. To bridge the gap, begin expanding your reading diet now. Start by incorporating one scholarly article per topic into your revision. Platforms such as JSTOR (often accessible through local libraries or school subscriptions) offer a wealth of historical research.
中学与大学历史之间最显著的跨越之一就是阅读的数量和性质。在中学阶段，你可能主要依赖一本核心教科书以及少量的补充材料。而在大学里，每周的阅读清单可能包括好几个章节和期刊文章。为了衔接这一差距，现在就要开始拓宽你的阅读食谱。从在每个主题中加入一篇学术文章开始。JSTOR 等平台（通常可通过当地图书馆或学校订阅访问）提供了丰富的历史研究资源。
When you read a journal article, do not simply mine it for facts. Notice how historians structure their arguments, engage with existing scholarship, and handle evidence. Take concise, structured notes that record the main argument, key evidence, and your critical response. If you can summarise an article in a single paragraph and identify its place in the historiographical debate, you are already doing the work expected in first-year modules. Over time, these active reading habits will dramatically speed up your ability to process academic texts.
在阅读期刊文章时，不要仅仅从中挖掘事实。留意史学家们如何构建论证、与现有学术对话以及处理证据。做简明、结构化的笔记，记录主要论点、关键证据和你的批判性回应。如果你能用一段话概括一篇文章，并指出它在史学争论中的位置，那么你已经做了一年级模块所期望的工作。久而久之，这些主动阅读习惯将极大提升你处理学术文本的速度。
Don't neglect book reviews and historiographical essays, which are excellent as entry points. Book reviews often summarise key arguments and highlight debates concisely. Historiographical essays in journals like History Compass map out the main trends in a field. Using these as scaffolding before tackling full-length monographs is a strategy well worth adopting. It models the way lecturers themselves approach new fields.
不要忽视书评和史学述评文章，它们是极好的切入点。书评往往能简洁地概括主要论点并点明争论。诸如《History Compass》等期刊中的史学述评文章则勾勒出一个领域的主要趋势。在啃完整本学术专著之前，先用这些作为脚手架，是非常值得采纳的策略。它模拟了大学讲师自身进入新领域的方式。
9. History in Your University Application | 历史学科在大学申请中的体现
Your experience with SQA History is a powerful asset in your UCAS personal statement or other university application processes. Admissions tutors look for evidence of genuine historical curiosity, independent learning, and the ability to reflect on historical skills. Rather than simply listing the topics you have studied, focus on how the course has shaped your thinking. Mention a specific historical problem that intrigued you, a source that challenged your assumptions, or a historiographical debate you found compelling.
你在 SQA 历史方面的经历，是 UCAS 个人陈述或其他大学申请中一份强有力的资产。招生老师寻找的是对历史抱有真正好奇心、有独立学习能力并能反思历史技能的证明。不要只是罗列你学过的主题，而要着重阐明课程如何塑造了你的思维。提到一个让你着迷的具体历史问题、一份挑战了你前设的资料，或者一场你觉得引人入胜的史学争论。
If you are taking Advanced Higher, your dissertation is a perfect vehicle for demonstrating research skills. Describe the process: how you formulated your question, the sources you consulted, the problems you encountered, and what you concluded. Even if your university course is not in history, this evidence of sustained, self-directed work is transferable proof of academic maturity. For those applying to read history, linking your dissertation to a broader historical debate shows a readiness for undergraduate study.
如果你正在学习 Advanced Higher，你的学位论文就是展示研究技能的绝佳载体。描述过程：你如何构设问题，参考了哪些资料，遇到了什么困难，以及得出了什么结论。即使你申请的大学课程不是历史专业，这份持续、自主工作的证据也是学术成熟的通用证明。对于申请历史专业的学生而言，将你的论文与更广泛的史学争论联系起来，更能显示出你已为本科学习做好准备。
Many universities also look for evidence of wider engagement beyond the curriculum. This could be a history podcast you follow, a museum exhibition you analysed, or a relevant MOOC you completed. Such activities signal that history is not just a school subject for you, but a genuine passion. Remember, however, that reflective depth matters more than the number of activities. One well-analysed exhibition visit is far more compelling than a long list of superficial experiences.
许多大学也寻找课程之外更广泛参与的证明。这可以是你关注的历史播客、分析过的博物馆展览或者完成的相关慕课。这些活动表明历史对你而言不只是一门学校科目，而是真正的热爱。但要记住，反思的深度比活动的数量更重要。一次分析透彻的展览参观远比一张长长的肤浅经历清单更有说服力。
10. Recommended Resources and Next Steps | 推荐资源与下一步行动
Building your bridge to university is easier when you have the right tools. Below are some recommended starting points, focusing on resources that are accessible and genuinely useful for SQA History students in Year 12.
当你拥有了合适的工具，搭建通往大学的桥梁就更容易。以下是一些推荐的起点，重点关注对十二年级 SQA 历史学生而言易于获取且真正有用的资源。
- Books on historical skills: John Tosh, The Pursuit of History; E.H. Carr, What is History?; Ludmilla Jordanova, History in Practice. These introduce key concepts in historiography and method.
- 历史技能书籍： John Tosh《历史学的追求》；E.H. Carr《历史是什么？》；Ludmilla Jordanova《实践中的历史》。这些著作介绍了史学史和方法论中的关键概念。
- Online platforms: JSTOR, Google Scholar, and the National Library of Scotland's digital collections offer thousands of primary and secondary sources. Many are free to access with a school or public library card.
- 在线平台： JSTOR、Google Scholar 以及苏格兰国家图书馆的数字馆藏提供了数千份一手和二手资料。许多资源通过学校或公共图书馆卡即可免费访问。
- Podcasts and lectures: BBC’s 'In Our Time: History', the National Archives’ podcast series, and university open course recordings (e.g. Oxford’s history podcasts) expose you to academic historians discussing their work in accessible formats.
- 播客与讲座： BBC 的“我们的时代：历史”栏目、英国国家档案馆的播客系列以及大学公开课录音（如牛津大学的历史播客），让你以易懂的形式接触学术史学家讨论其研究。
- Bridging courses and summer schools: Some Scottish universities offer online or in-person bridging courses in history skills. Check university widening participation pages for opportunities, as these can give you direct experience of undergraduate-style seminars.
- 衔接课程与暑期学校： 一些苏格兰大学提供历史技能的在线或线下衔接课程。查阅大学扩大参与页面获取机会，这些项目能让你直接体验本科式研讨课。
Your immediate next steps should be manageable and tied to your current studies. Select one topic from your syllabus, find a relevant journal article, and write a one-paragraph critical summary. Or choose a historiographical question from your Advanced Higher dissertation and actively seek two conflicting interpretations. Practice one of these small actions each week, and by the time you start your university course, you will already feel at home in the academic environment.
你眼前的下一步行动应该可行并与当前学习挂钩。从教学大纲中选一个主题，找一篇相关期刊文章，写一段批判性概述。或者从你的 Advanced Higher 论文中选一个史学问题，主动寻找两种相互冲突的解释。每周实践一个这样的小行动，到大学课程开始时，你会已经感到自己在学术环境中如鱼得水。
The transition from Year 12 SQA History to university is not a leap into the unknown — it is a carefully scaffolded progression. Your existing skills in essay writing, source analysis, and independent research form a solid foundation. By extending these through wider reading, deeper historiographical awareness, and reflective practice, you bridge the gap smoothly and arrive at university as a confident, capable history student ready to contribute from day one.
从十二年级 SQA 历史到大学的过渡，并不是迈向未知的跳跃——而是一个精心搭设的进阶过程。你已有的论文写作、资料分析和独立研究技能构成了坚实的基础。通过拓展阅读、深化史学意识和反思性实践来延伸这些能力，你将平稳地跨越衔接期，以自信、能干的历史学生身份步入大学，从第一天起就做好了贡献的准备。
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