📚 GCSE CCEA Physics: Formula Handbook | 公式汇总手册
This article brings together every essential equation you will need for the GCSE CCEA Physics exams. All formulas are presented in a clear, topic-by-topic layout with units and brief explanations, making this handbook ideal for last-minute revision and regular practice.
本文汇总了 GCSE CCEA 物理考试中所需的所有核心公式。所有公式按主题清晰排列，并附有单位和简要说明，非常适合考前冲刺和日常复习。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken. The formula is: v = d / t, where v is speed (m/s), d is distance (m) and t is time (s).
平均速度是总路程除以总时间。公式为：v = d / t，其中 v 为速度（m/s），d 为距离（m），t 为时间（s）。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be calculated using initial velocity u and final velocity v: a = (v - u) / t, with a in m/s², velocities in m/s and t in s. If the direction is not changing, the same formula gives the magnitude of acceleration.
加速度是速度的变化率。可使用初速度 u 和末速度 v 计算：a = (v - u) / t，a 的单位为 m/s²，速度单位为 m/s，t 的单位为 s。若方向不变，该式给出加速度的大小。
Newton's second law states that the resultant force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration: F = m a, where F is force (N), m is mass (kg) and a is acceleration (m/s²).
牛顿第二定律指出，物体受到的合力等于其质量与加速度的乘积：F = m a，F 为力（N），m 为质量（kg），a 为加速度（m/s²）。
Weight is the force on an object due to gravity. It is given by: W = m g t (N), m is mass (kg) and g is gravitational field strength (N/kg). On Earth g ≈ 9.8 N/kg.
重量是物体由于重力而受到的力。公式为：W = m g，W 为重量（N），m 为质量（kg），g 为引力场强度（N/kg）。在地球表面 g ≈ 9.8 N/kg。
Hooke's law relates the force applied to a spring to its extension, up to the limit of proportionality: F = k x, where F is force (N), k is the spring constant (N/m) and x is extension (m).
胡克定律描述了弹性限度内施加在弹簧上的力与其伸长量的关系：F = k x，F 为力（N），k 为弹簧常数（N/m），x 为伸长量（m）。
2. Momentum | 动量
Momentum is the product of an object's mass and its velocity: p = m v, where p is momentum (kg m/s), m is mass (kg) and v is velocity (m/s).
动量是物体质量与其速度的乘积：p = m v，p 为动量（kg m/s），m 为质量（kg），v 为速度（m/s）。
The rate of change of momentum equals the resultant force acting on the object: F = Δp / t. This is a useful form in collision and safety analysis.
动量的变化率等于作用在物体上的合力：F = Δp / t。在碰撞和安全分析中该形式非常实用。
In a closed system, total momentum before an event equals total momentum after the event: m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂.
在封闭系统中，事件前的总动量等于事件后的总动量：m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂。
3. Moments | 力矩
The moment of a force about a pivot is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot: M = F d, where M is moment (N m), F is force (N) and d is perpendicular distance (m).
力对支点的力矩等于力与支点到力作用线的垂直距离的乘积：M = F d，M 为力矩（N m），F 为力（N），d 为垂直距离（m）。
For a body in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments about any pivot.
对于处于平衡态的物体，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。
4. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed: KE = ½ m v², with KE in joules (J), m in kg and v in m/s.
动能取决于质量和速度：KE = ½ m v²，KE 的单位为焦耳（J），m 为 kg，v 为 m/s。
Gravitational potential energy gained when lifting an object is: GPE = m g h, where h is the change in height (m), g is gravitational field strength (N/kg).
提升物体所获得的重力势能为：GPE = m g h，h 为高度变化（m），g 为引力场强度（N/kg）。
Work done by a constant force is the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force: W = F d, where W is work (J), F is force (N) and d is distance (m).
恒力所做的功等于力与沿力方向移动距离的乘积：W = F d，W 为功（J），F 为力（N），d 为距离（m）。
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: P = W / t or P = ΔE / t, where P is power (W), W is work (J), ΔE is energy transferred (J) and t is time (s).
功率是做功或转移能量的速率：P = W / t 或 P = ΔE / t，P 为功率（W），W 为功（J），ΔE 为转移的能量（J），t 为时间（s）。
Efficiency compares useful output energy or power to total input: Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%. It has no units.
效率等于有用输出能量或功率与总输入之比：效率 = (有用输出 / 总输入) × 100%。效率没有单位。
5. Pressure and Density | 压强与密度
Pressure is normal force per unit area: p = F / A, where p is pressure (Pa), F is force (N) and A is area (m²).
压强是单位面积上的正压力：p = F / A，p 为压强（Pa），F 为力（N），A 为面积（m²）。
Density is mass per unit volume: ρ = m / V, where ρ is density (kg/m³), m is mass (kg) and V is volume (m³).
密度是单位体积的质量：ρ = m / V，ρ 为密度（kg/m³），m 为质量（kg），V 为体积（m³）。
The pressure in a liquid increases with depth: p = h ρ g, where h is depth (m), ρ is liquid density (kg/m³) and g is gravitational field strength (N/kg).
液体中的压强随深度增加：p = h ρ g，h 为深度（m），ρ 为液体密度（kg/m³），g 为引力场强度（N/kg）。
6. Thermal Physics | 热学
The energy needed to change an object's temperature is given by specific heat capacity: E = m c Δθ, with E in joules, m in kg, c in J/(kg °C) and Δθ the temperature change (°C).
改变物体温度所需的能量由比热容给出：E = m c Δθ，E 单位为焦耳，m 单位为 kg，c 单位为 J/(kg °C)，Δθ 为温度变化量（°C）。
The energy needed to change state at constant temperature uses specific latent heat: E = m L, where L is specific latent heat (J/kg).
在恒定温度下改变物态所需的能量使用比潜热：E = m L，L 为比潜热（J/kg）。
7. Waves | 波
Wave speed is linked to frequency and wavelength: v = f λ, where v is speed (m/s), f is frequency (Hz) and λ is wavelength (m).
波速与频率和波长相关：v = f λ，v 为波速（m/s），f 为频率（Hz），λ 为波长（m）。
The period of a wave is the reciprocal of frequency: T = 1 / f, with T in seconds.
波的周期是频率的倒数：T = 1 / f，T 的单位为秒。
For lenses, the reciprocal relationship between focal length f, object distance u and image distance v is: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v. All distances must be in the same unit.
对于透镜，焦距 f、物距 u 和像距 v 之间的倒数关系为：1/f = 1/u + 1/v。所有距离单位需一致。
Magnification compares image size to object size, and also relates image distance to object distance: m = hi / ho = v / u, where
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