📚 CCEA Year 12 Computer Science: Rapid Glossary Memorisation Guide | CCEA 12年级计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is essential for success in CCEA Year 12 Computer Science. This quick memorisation guide groups essential terms by topic, providing concise bilingual definitions that help you retain and recall concepts efficiently for exams and practical work.
掌握核心术语是CCEA 12年级计算机科学成功的关键。本速记指南按主题将必备术语分组，提供简洁的双语定义，帮助你高效记忆并在考试和实践任务中快速回想相关概念。
1. Data Representation Terms | 数据表示术语
Bit – A binary digit, the smallest unit of data, represented as 0 or 1.
比特 – 二进制数字，最小的数据单位，用0或1表示。
Byte – A group of 8 bits, commonly used to store one character.
字节 – 由8个比特组成，通常用于存储一个字符。
Nibble – Half a byte, equal to 4 bits; useful when converting binary to hexadecimal.
半字节 – 半个字节，等于4个比特；在二进制与十六进制转换时很有用。
Kilobyte (KB) – Approximately 1,000 bytes (103 bytes), often used to measure small file sizes.
千字节(KB) – 约1000字节(103字节)，常用于度量小文件大小。
Overflow – An error that occurs when a calculation produces a result that exceeds the number of bits available to store it.
溢出 – 当计算结果超出用于存储它的比特位数时发生的错误。
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange; uses 7 or 8 bits to represent characters, limited to English letters and basic symbols.
ASCII – 美国信息交换标准代码；使用7或8个比特表示字符，仅限于英文字母和基本符号。
Unicode – A character encoding standard that uses up to 32 bits per character, supporting multiple languages and emojis.
Unicode – 一种字符编码标准，每个字符最多使用32比特，支持多种语言和表情符号。
Pixel – The smallest controllable element of a bitmap image; short for picture element.
像素 – 位图图像中可控的最小元素；是图像元素的简称。
Colour depth – The number of bits used to represent the colour of a single pixel, determining the range of colours available.
颜色深度 – 用于表示单个像素颜色的比特数，决定了可用的颜色范围。
Sample rate – The number of samples taken per second when converting analogue sound to digital; measured in hertz (Hz).
采样率 – 模拟声音转换为数字形式时每秒采集的样本数；单位是赫兹(Hz)。
2. Computer Architecture Terms | 计算机体系结构术语
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – The 'brain' of the computer that processes instructions and controls data flow; contains the ALU and Control Unit.
中央处理器(CPU) – 计算机的“大脑”，处理指令并控制数据流；包含运算器和控制单元。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) – Performs arithmetic and logical operations such as addition, subtraction, AND, OR.
算术逻辑单元(ALU) – 执行算术和逻辑运算，如加、减、与、或。
Control Unit (CU) – Directs the operation of the processor by sending control signals and coordinating the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
控制单元(CU) – 通过发送控制信号并协调取指-译码-执行周期来指挥处理器的工作。
PC (Program Counter) – A register that holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched.
程序计数器(PC) – 保存下一条将要取指的指令所在内存地址的寄存器。
MAR (Memory Address Register) – Holds the address of the memory location that the processor intends to read from or write to.
内存地址寄存器(MAR) – 保存处理器打算读或写的内存位置的地址。
MDR (Memory Data Register) – Acts as a buffer; temporarily stores the data fetched from or to be written to memory.
内存数据寄存器(MDR) – 作为缓冲器；暂时保存从内存取出的数据或将要写入内存的数据。
Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle – The repeating process the CPU follows: fetch an instruction, decode it, and execute it.
取指-译码-执行周期 – CPU重复执行的过程：取一条指令，译码，然后执行它。
Cache – A small, high-speed memory inside the CPU that stores frequently used instructions and data to speed up processing.
高速缓存 – CPU内部的小容量高速存储器，用于存放频繁使用的指令和数据以加速处理。
3. Memory & Storage Terms | 存储器与存储术语
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Volatile primary memory that stores data and programs currently in use; contents are lost when power is turned off.
随机存取存储器(RAM) – 易失性主存储器，存储当前使用的数据和程序；断电后内容丢失。
ROM (Read Only Memory) – Non-volatile memory that retains its contents without power; typically stores the boot program (BIOS).
只读存储器(ROM) – 非易失性存储器，断电后仍保留内容；通常存储启动程序(BIOS)。
Virtual memory – A technique that uses a portion of the hard disk as an extension of RAM when RAM becomes full, allowing larger programs to run.
虚拟内存 – 当RAM满时，使用硬盘的一部分作为RAM的扩展的技术，使更大程序能够运行。
Solid State Drive (SSD) – Secondary storage that uses flash memory with no moving parts, offering faster access and greater durability than magnetic drives.
固态硬盘(SSD) – 使用闪存的辅助存储器，无移动部件，比磁盘驱动器访问速度更快、更耐用。
Cloud storage – Storing data on remote servers accessed via the internet, allowing users to access files from any device with an internet connection.
云存储 – 将数据存储在可通过互联网访问的远程服务器上，用户可以用任何联网设备访问文件。
4. Networks & Protocols Terms | 网络与协议术语
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network confined to a small geographical area, such as a school or office building.
局域网(LAN) – 覆盖较小地理区域的网络，例如学校或办公楼内。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network that spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs; the internet is the largest WAN.
广域网(WAN) – 跨越较大地理区域的网络，通常连接多个局域网；互联网是最大的广域网。
Client-server network – A network model where a central server provides services (files, email, web) to multiple client devices.
客户端-服务器网络 – 一台中央服务器向多个客户端设备提供服务（文件、邮件、网页）的网络模型。
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network – A network model where all devices have equal status and can share resources directly without a central server.
对等网络(P2P) – 所有设备地位平等，无需中央服务器即可直接共享资源的网络模型。
IP address – A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network; IPv4 uses 32 bits, IPv6 uses 128 bits.
IP地址 – 分配给网络上每个设备的唯一天数字标签；IPv4使用32比特，IPv6使用128比特。
MAC address – A hardware identifier encoded into a network interface card, normally fixed and unique.
MAC地址 – 嵌入网卡中的硬件标识符，通常是固定且唯一的。
Packet switching – A method of data transmission where data is broken into packets, each routed independently and reassembled at the destination.
包交换 – 一种数据传输方法：数据被分成数据包，每个包独立路由，最后在目的地重新组装。
TCP/IP – A suite of protocols that governs how data is sent and received over the internet; TCP ensures reliable delivery, IP handles addressing and routing.
TCP/IP – 一套控制互联网上数据发送与接收的协议族；TCP确保可靠传输，IP处理寻址和路由。
5. Network Security Terms | 网络安全术语
Encryption – The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key so that only authorised parties can read it.
加密 – 使用算法和密钥将明文转换为密文的过程，使得只有授权方可以读取。
Firewall – A security system (hardware or software) that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined rules.
防火墙 – 一种安全系统（硬件或软件），根据预设规则监控和控制流入流出的网络流量。
Malware – Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system; includes viruses, worms, and trojans.
恶意软件 – 旨在破坏、干扰或非法访问计算机系统的恶意软件；包括病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马。
Phishing – A social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or websites trick users into revealing sensitive information such as passwords.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，通过欺诈性邮件或网站诱骗用户泄露密码等敏感信息。
Denial of Service (DoS) – An attack that floods a server with excessive requests, making it unavailable to legitimate users.
拒绝服务攻击(DoS) – 通过向服务器发送过量请求使其超载，导致合法用户无法使用的攻击。
6. Ethical, Legal & Environmental Terms | 伦理、法律与环境术语
Data Protection Act / GDPR – Legislation that governs how personal data should be collected, stored, and processed, giving individuals rights over their data.
数据保护法/通用数据保护条例(GDPR) – 规范个人数据应如何收集、存储和处理的法律，赋予个人对其数据的权利。
Computer Misuse Act – A law that criminalises unauthorised access to computer systems, including hacking and spreading malware.
计算机滥用法 – 将未经授权访问计算机系统（包括黑客行为和传播恶意软件）定为犯罪的法律。
Copyright – Legal protection that gives the creator of original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time.
版权 – 给予原创作品创作者对其使用和发行的专有权利的法律保护，通常有一定期限。
Open source software – Software whose source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute.
开源软件 – 源代码公开，任何人都可以查看、修改和分发的软件。
E-waste – Discarded electronic devices; improper disposal causes environmental pollution and health risks due to toxic materials.
电子废物 – 被丢弃的电子设备；不当处置会因有毒材料造成环境污染和健康风险。
7. Computational Thinking Terms | 计算思维术语
Decomposition – Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub-problems.
分解 – 将一个复杂问题拆分成更小、更易于处理的子问题。
Abstraction – The process of ignoring irrelevant details and focusing only on the important characteristics of a problem.
抽象 – 忽略不相关细节，只关注问题重要特征的过程。
Algorithm – A step-by-step procedure designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem.
算法 – 为执行特定任务或解决问题而设计的逐步过程。
Pseudocode – A simplified, language-independent way of describing an algorithm using plain English-like statements and common programming structures.
伪代码 – 一种简化的、与编程语言无关的描述算法的方式，采用类似英语的语句和常见的编程结构。
Flowchart – A diagrammatic representation of an algorithm using standard symbols such as ovals for start/stop and diamonds for decisions.
流程图 – 使用标准符号（如椭圆形表示开始/结束，菱形表示判断）对算法进行的图形化表示。
8. Data Types & Structures Terms | 数据类型与结构术语
Variable – A named storage location whose value can change during program execution.
变量 – 一个有名称的存储位置，其值在程序执行过程中可以改变。
Constant – A named storage location that holds a value which cannot be altered once set.
常量 – 一个有名称的存储位置，其值一旦设定就不能被修改。
Integer – A data type representing whole numbers, e.g. 3, -1, 42.
整数 – 表示整数的数据类型，例如 3, -1, 42。
String – A sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks, used to represent text.
字符串 – 用引号括起来的一串字符，用于表示文本。
Array – A data structure that can store a fixed number of elements of the same data type, accessed by an index.
数组 – 可以存储固定数量的相同数据类型元素的数据结构，通过索引访问。
Casting – Converting a variable from one data type to another, e.g. integer to string.
类型转换 – 将变量从一种数据类型转换为另一种，例如将整数转换为字符串。
9. Programming Control Structures Terms | 程序控制结构术语
Sequence – The default execution order in a program where statements are executed one after the other.
顺序结构 – 程序中的默认执行顺序，语句按先后逐一执行。
Selection – A control structure that allows a program to take different paths based on a condition, commonly implemented with IF-ELSE statements.
选择结构 – 使程序根据条件执行不同路径的控制结构，通常用IF-ELSE语句实现。
Iteration – Repeating a block of code a set number of times or until a condition is met; includes definite (FOR) and indefinite (WHILE) loops.
迭代 – 重复执行一段代码固定次数或直到满足条件；包括计数循环(FOR)和条件循环(WHILE)。
Nesting – Placing one control structure inside another, e.g. an IF statement inside a FOR loop.
嵌套 – 将一个控制结构放在另一个内部，例如在FOR循环内放置IF语句。
10. Subprograms & Functions Terms | 子程序与函数术语
Procedure – A named block of code that performs a task
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