📚 Year 11 Cambridge Music: Quick Guide to Memorising Music Terms | 剑桥 Year 11 音乐：音乐术语速记指南
Mastering the precise musical vocabulary is essential for success in Cambridge IGCSE Music. Whether you are describing a listening extract, analysing a score, or writing about a set work, using accurate Italian, English and instrument-specific terms can lift your answers instantly. This guide organises the core terms you must know into ten manageable categories, giving you a clear path to memorise them efficiently. Each term is paired with its Chinese meaning and a short memory tip where helpful.
精准掌握音乐词汇是 Cambridge IGCSE 音乐考试成功的关键。无论你是在描述听力选段、分析乐谱，还是撰写规定作品论文，使用准确的意大利语、英语和乐器专属术语都能立刻提升答案的档次。本指南将必学的核心术语整理成十个易于掌握的类别，为你提供一条清晰的速记路径。每个术语都配有中文释义和实用的记忆提示。
1. Dynamics | 力度术语
Dynamics indicate the volume of music, ranging from very soft to very loud. Composers use Italian abbreviations to mark these levels on a score. Remember that piano means soft and forte means loud. The prefixes mezzo- (moderately) and -issimo (very) build the full range. Sudden accents are also part of this family.
力度指示音乐的强弱，从极弱到极强。作曲家使用意大利文缩写在乐谱上标记这些层次。记住 piano 表示弱，forte 表示强。前缀 mezzo-（中等）和 -issimo（非常）构成了完整的力度范围。突强重音也属于这一范畴。
| Term | 中文释义 | 记忆提示 |
|---|---|---|
| pp (pianissimo) | 很弱 | 两个 p，弱上加弱 |
| p (piano) | 弱 | p 像小声的 '噗' |
| mp (mezzo piano) | 中弱 | mezzo = 中等 |
| mf (mezzo forte) | 中强 | 比 mp 声音更饱满 |
| f (forte) | 强 | f 如同坚实的强音 |
| ff (fortissimo) | 很强 | 两个 f，力量翻倍 |
| crescendo (cresc.) | 渐强 | 逐渐增加音量，像一个展开的发夹 |
| diminuendo (dim.) | 渐弱 | 逐渐减小音量 |
| sforzando (sfz) | 突强 | 突然的重音，像用锤子敲击 |
2. Tempo | 速度术语
Tempo terms tell the performer how fast or slow the music should be. They are placed at the start of a piece and often remain in Italian. Knowing the basic speed categories will help you describe the character of any extract. The most common ones can be grouped from slow to fast, and modifiers like molto (very) and meno (less) can adjust them.
速度术语告诉演奏者音乐的快慢。它们出现在乐曲开头，并且通常保留意大利文。了解基本的速度分类有助于你描述任何选段的性格。最常见的术语可按从慢到快的顺序分组，而 molto（非常）、meno（较少）等修饰语可以调整它们的程度。
| Term | 中文释义 | 速记窍门 |
|---|---|---|
| largo | 广板（很慢） | 大型、宽广 – 像巨人迈步 |
| adagio | 柔板（慢速） | 缓慢而舒适，adagio 像 'Adagio for Strings' |
| andante | 行板（步行速度） | 像散步的'步行'速度 |
| moderato | 中板（中等速度） | 中等的，适中的 |
| allegro | 快板（快速、活泼） | 快乐、活泼的快板 |
| vivace | 活板（非常快） | 充满生命力、生机勃勃 |
| presto | 急板（极快） | 极其快速，像魔术师的手法 |
| accelerando (accel.) | 渐快 | 速度逐渐加快 |
| ritardando (rit.) / rallentando | 渐慢 | 速度逐渐放慢，rallentando 更流畅地减慢 |
| a tempo | 回原速 | 回到变化前的原始速度 |
3. Articulation | 演奏法术语
Articulation tells you how to attack or connect individual notes. These markings change the character of a melody dramatically. You might see them as dots, lines, accents, or words above the stave. They are vital for describing a performance.
演奏法说明如何奏出或连接单个音符。这些标记能极大地改变旋律的性格。你可能在五线谱上方看到点、线、重音符号或文字。它们在描述演奏时至关重要。
- staccato (stacc.) – short and detached notes | 断奏：短而分离的音符。想象音符之间有空隙。
- legato – smoothly connected notes | 连奏：平滑地连接旋律，无间断。
- tenuto – hold the note for its full value, slightly stressed | 保持音奏法：保持音符的完整时值，稍加压力。
- accent (> or sf) – a note played with extra force | 重音：用额外的力度强调某个音符。
- marcato – marked, accented, strongly stressed | 强调奏法：明显突出、强烈重音的演奏。
- pizzicato (pizz.) – plucking the string (on string instruments) | 拨奏：用手指拨弦（适合弦乐器）。
- arco – using the bow again after pizzicato | 拉奏：在拨奏之后重新使用弓子演奏。
4. Expression and Mood | 表情与情绪术语
Expression terms go beyond dynamics and tempo to convey the overall mood. A performer must interpret these words to inject the right feeling into the music. Cambridge often asks you to identify the mood of a passage, so these terms are your best tools.
表情术语超越了力度和速度，用来传达整体的情绪。演奏者必须诠释这些词语，才能将恰当的情感注入音乐。剑桥考试常常要求你识别段落的情绪，因此这些术语是你最好的工具。
| Italian Term | Meaning | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| dolce | sweetly | 甜美地 |
| espressivo (espr.) | expressively | 富有表现力地 |
| cantabile | in a singing style | 如歌地 |
| agitato | agitated, excited | 激动地 |
| animato | animated, lively | 生气勃勃地 |
| maestoso | majestic | 庄严地、雄伟地 |
| tranquillo | calm, tranquil | 安静地 |
| leggiero | light, nimble | 轻巧地 |
| con brio | with vigour, fire | 充满活力地、火热地 |
5. Structure and Form | 曲式结构术语
Understanding how a piece is built is a cornerstone of music analysis. Form gives you a map: it tells you when themes repeat, contrast, or develop. Use these terms when discussing the overall layout of a movement or song.
理解一首乐曲是如何构建的是音乐分析的基石。曲式提供了一张地图：它告诉你主题何时重复、对比或发展。在讨论乐章或歌曲的整体布局时，请使用这些术语。
- binary form (AB) – two contrasting sections, often both repeated. | 二段体：两个对比的段落，通常各自反复。
- ternary form (ABA) – a three-part structure where the first section returns. | 三段体：三个部分的结构，首部回归。
- rondo form (ABACA) – a recurring main theme alternates with contrasting episodes. | 回旋曲式：重复出现的主部与对比的插部交替。
- theme and variations – a theme presented and then altered in successive sections. | 主题与变奏：主题呈现后在随后的段落中通过各种方式变化。
- sonata form – exposition, development, recapitulation (and sometimes a coda). | 奏鸣曲式：呈示部、发展部、再现部（有时还有尾声）。
- strophic – the same music for each verse of a song. | 分节歌形式：歌曲的每一段歌词使用相同的音乐。
- through-composed – music that changes continuously without large repeated sections. | 通谱歌曲：音乐持续变化，没有大面积重复段落。
- coda – a concluding section that brings a piece to an end. | 尾声：收束乐曲的结束段落。
6. Texture | 织体术语
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once, and how they relate to one another. Cambridge listening papers frequently ask you to name the texture or to describe changes in texture. Recognising these patterns is key.
织体描述的是同时听到的音响层次数量，以及它们之间的关系。剑桥听力试卷经常要求你命名织体或描述织体的变化。识别这些模式是关键。
| Texture | Explanation | 中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| monophonic | a single melodic line with no accompaniment | 单音织体：单一旋律线条，无伴奏 |
| homophonic | melody with chordal accompaniment, moving in the same rhythm | 主调织体：旋律加和弦伴奏，节奏基本一致 |
| polyphonic / contrapuntal | two or more independent melodic lines woven together | 复调织体：两个或以上独立的旋律线条交织 |
| heterophonic | simultaneous variations of the same melody | 支声织体：同一旋律的多个变体同时演奏 |
| melody and accompaniment | a clear main tune supported by chords or figuration | 旋律与伴奏：清晰的旋律加上和弦或音型支撑 |
| unison | all voices or instruments playing the same pitch | 齐奏/齐唱：所有声部演奏同一音高 |
| thick / thin texture | describing how dense or sparse the sound is | 厚织体/薄织体：描述声音的浓密或稀疏程度 |
7. Melody and Rhythm | 旋律与节奏术语
Melody and rhythm are the backbone of any musical work. Describing the shape of a tune or the flow of a rhythm accurately shows deeper understanding. Make sure you can spot conjunct and disjunct motion, syncopation, and melodic devices such as sequences and ostinati.
旋律和节奏是任何音乐作品的脊梁。准确描述旋律的轮廓或节奏的流动，可以展现更深入的理解。你一定要能识别级进与跳进、切分音，以及模进、固定音型等旋律手法。
- conjunct – melody moves by step. | 级进：旋律按音阶相邻音移动。
- disjunct – melody moves by leaps. | 跳进：旋律以大音程跳动。
- phrase – a musical sentence. | 乐句：音乐中的句子。
- sequence – repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch. | 模进：旋律型在更高或更低的音高上重复。
- ostinato – a persistently repeated musical pattern. | 固定音型：持续重复的音乐模式。
- syncopation – emphasis on a normally weak beat or between beats. | 切分音：在通常的弱拍或拍子之间放置重音。
- dotted rhythm – long-short pattern, adding energy. | 附点节奏：长短型节奏，增加动力感。
- triplet – three notes played in the time of two. | 三连音：在二音的时间里均匀奏出三个音。
- anacrusis – an upbeat, a note or group of notes before the first strong beat. | 弱起：第一个强拍之前的音符。
8. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性术语
Harmony deals with chords and how they progress, while tonality refers to the key centre. In IGCSE, you need to distinguish between major and minor, recognise modulations, and identify basic chords and cadences. These concepts bring colour and direction to music.
和声涉及和弦及其进行，而调性指的是中心音高。在 IGCSE 中，你需要区分大调和小调、识别转调，并辨认基本和弦与终止式。这些概念为音乐带来色彩与方向感。
| Term | Meaning | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| major tonality | bright, happy key centre | 大调性：明亮、愉快 |
| minor tonality | sadder, more serious key centre | 小调性：悲伤、严肃 |
| modulation | a change of key within a piece | 转调：乐曲内部的调性转换 |
| perfect cadence | V - I, sounds finished | 正格终止：V 到 I，完全结束感 |
| imperfect cadence | ends on V, sounds unfinished | 不完全终止：结束在 V 上，未完成感 |
| plagal cadence | IV - I, often called 'Amen' cadence | 变格终止：IV 到 I，常称'阿门'终止 |
| interrupted cadence | V - vi, a surprise ending | 阻碍终止：V 到 vi，意外的收束 |
| diatonic | using notes belonging to the key | 自然音的：使用调内音级 |
| chromatic | using notes outside the key | 半音阶的：使用调外音 |
| pedal / drone | a sustained or repeated note over which harmonies change | 持续音：一个保持或重复的音，上方和声变化 |
9. Instrumental and Vocal Terms | 乐器与人声术语
Cambridge candidates must identify instruments by sound and name them correctly. You should also know common vocal ranges and techniques. The IGCSE syllabus includes Western orchestral instruments, keyboard instruments, and popular music instruments. Accurate labelling shows listening precision.
剑桥考生必须通过声音辨识乐器并准确命名。你还需要了解常见的人声类型和演唱技巧。IGCSE 大纲涵盖西方管弦乐器、键盘乐器和流行音乐乐器。准确的标注能体现你的听力精准度。
| Category | Instruments / Terms | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Strings | violin, viola, cello, double bass, harp | 小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴、竖琴 |
| Woodwinds | flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon | 长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管 |
| Brass | trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba | 小号、圆号、长号、大号 |
广告 / Sponsored 英文原版 The Cambridge Companion to Conducting 剑桥指挥指南 剑桥音乐指南系列 … 音乐 备考教辅 · 正版现货 · 与本文同科同级别 查看详情 / View on Taobao
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信） 备考资讯每日更新，关注不错过 考纲变化 · 科目分析 · 学习方法  在微信里长按二维码识别关注 或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图 公众号：tutorhao |