📚 CCEA Year 12 Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | CCEA 12年级心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specific terminology in CCEA Year 12 Psychology is essential for achieving high marks in both short-answer and extended-response questions. This guide breaks down key terms from the AS specification, organised by topic, and offers mnemonic devices, etymological clues, and contextual examples to help you remember them quickly and apply them accurately in exams.
掌握 CCEA 12年级心理学中的专业术语，是在简答题和论述题中取得高分的关键。本指南按照主题分解 AS 大纲中的核心术语，并提供助记技巧、词源线索和语境示例，帮助你快速记忆并在考试中准确运用。
1. Research Methods: Core Concepts | 研究方法：核心概念
The terms independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are the foundations of experimental design. Remember: the experimenter manipulates the IV to observe any change in the DV. Think of 'I' for I change and 'D' for Data collected.
术语自变量（IV）和因变量（DV）是实验设计的基础。请记住：实验者操控自变量以观察因变量的变化。可以将“I”联想为我改变的（I change），“D”联想为收集的数据（Data）。
A confounding variable is an unwanted factor that systematically varies with the IV and could provide an alternative explanation for the results. A quick memory trick: a confound confuses the truth, just as a con artist confuses a victim.
混淆变量是一种不需要的因素，它随自变量系统性地变化，可能为结果提供替代解释。记忆窍门：confound（混淆）会混淆真相，就像骗子迷惑受害者一样。
Operationalisation means defining variables in precise, measurable terms. Without operationalisation, a hypothesis like 'happiness improves memory' would be untestable. For CCEA exams, always ask: 'How exactly will I measure this?'
操作化指用精确、可测量的方式定义变量。如果不进行操作化，像“快乐能改善记忆”这样的假设就无法检验。在 CCEA 考试中，记得常问自己：“我到底要如何测量这个变量？”
2. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Independent groups design allocates different participants to each condition of the IV. To recall this term, picture two independent teams playing in separate rooms — they never meet. The main limitation is participant variables, which can act as confounding variables.
独立组设计将不同的参与者分配到自变量的各个条件中。回忆这个术语时，可以想象两支独立的队伍在分开的房间里比赛——他们从不相见。其主要局限是参与者变量，可能成为混淆变量。
Repeated measures design uses the same participants for all conditions. Remember it as 'recycling participants'. The risk here is order effects, such as practice or fatigue. Counterbalancing, where half the participants experience condition A first and half condition B first, can control for this.
重复测量设计在所有条件下使用同一批参与者。可以记作“回收参与者”。这里的主要风险是顺序效应，如练习效应或疲劳效应。采用平衡法（一半参与者先经历条件A，另一半先经历条件B）可以控制该影响。
Matched pairs design matches participants on a key characteristic (e.g., IQ score) and then assigns each member of the pair to a different condition. A mnemonic: 'twins split across conditions'. This design reduces participant variables but is time-consuming.
配对组设计根据关键特征（如智商分数）将参与者配对，然后将每对中的成员分别分配到不同条件。助记句：“双胞胎被分到不同条件”。该设计减少了参与者变量，但非常耗时。
3. Inferential Statistics Terms | 推断统计学术语
The level of significance is typically set at p ≤ 0.05 in psychology. This means the probability of the result occurring by chance is 5% or less. Visualise rolling a die: getting a '6' by chance is about 16.7%, but you want it to be rarer than that to trust your result.
显著性水平在心理学中通常设为 p ≤ 0.05。这意味着结果由偶然因素产生的概率为5%或更低。可以想象掷骰子：偶然掷出“6”的概率大约是16.7%，但你需要结果比这更罕见才能相信它。
A Type I error is a false positive — claiming an effect exists when it doesn't. Think Type I = Imagining an effect. A Type II error is a false negative — failing to detect a real effect. Think Type II = It Is there, but you missed it.
第一类错误是假阳性——声称有效应存在而实际并不存在。联想Type I = Imagining（想象）。 第二类错误是假阴性——未能检测到真实存在的效应。联想Type II = It Is there（它在那里），但你没发现。
Parametric tests (e.g., Pearson's r, related t-test) require data to be normally distributed and measured at interval/ratio level. Non-parametric tests (e.g., Spearman's rho, Wilcoxon) are used when these assumptions are violated. In CCEA, you will calculate Spearman's rho, Chi-square, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney.
参数检验（如皮尔逊积差相关、相关t检验）要求数据呈正态分布且为等距/等比测量。当这些假设被违反时，使用非参数检验（如斯皮尔曼等级相关、威尔科克森检验）。在 CCEA 考试中，你需要计算斯皮尔曼等级相关、卡方检验、威尔科克森检验和曼-惠特尼检验。
4. Biological Psychology: The Nervous System | 生物心理学：神经系统
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the limbs and organs. Mnemonic: the CNS is the Centre of command; the PNS is the Pathway to the rest of the body.
中枢神经系统（CNS）由大脑和脊髓组成。周围神经系统（PNS）将中枢神经系统连接到四肢和器官。助记法：CNS 是指挥中心；PNS 是通向全身的道路。
The PNS is further divided into the somatic nervous system (voluntary movement) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (involuntary functions). To remember somatic, think of 'so-matic' — so automatic... no, the somatic is actually voluntary! Reverse psychology: if it's auto-matic, it's ANS; everything else you do with your muscles (soma = body) is somatic.
PNS 又分为躯体神经系统（控制随意运动）和自主神经系统（ANS）（掌管非随意功能）。记忆躯体神经系统：somatic 中的 soma 是希腊语“身体”，你主动控制身体。而自主神经系统（autonomic）就像自动的——它自动运作。
The ANS includes the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest). Sympathetic activates under stress (both start with 'S'), while parasympathetic brings you back to peace (both start with 'P').
ANS 包含交感神经系统（战斗或逃跑）和副交感神经系统（休息与消化）。交感神经在应激 (Stress)时激活，两者都以“S”开头；副交感神经让你恢复平静 (Peace)，两者都以“P”开头。
5. The Structure and Function of Neurons | 神经元的结构与功能
A sensory neuron carries impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS. An easy image: the 'sense-ory' neuron senses the outside world. A motor neuron carries impulses from the CNS to effectors like muscles and glands; think of a motor that drives movement.
感觉神经元将冲动从感受器传向中枢神经系统。简单图像：感觉神经元“感知”外部世界。运动神经元将冲动从中枢神经系统传到效应器（如肌肉和腺体）；联想到马达（motor）驱动运动。
Relay neurons (interneurons) exist solely within the CNS and connect sensory to motor neurons. Visualise a relay race: the baton is passed from sensory to relay to motor. The synapse is the tiny gap between neurons where chemical transmission occurs — the word comes from Greek 'syn' (together) and 'haptein' (to clasp), a beautiful image of neurons almost clasping hands.
中继神经元（中间神经元）只存在于中枢神经系统中，连接感觉与运动神经元。想象一场接力赛：接力棒从感觉传到中继再传到运动。 突触是神经元之间的微小间隙，化学传递在此发生——该词源自希腊语“syn”（共同）和“haptein”（扣紧），生动描绘出神经元几乎握住彼此双手的画面。
6. Key Neurotransmitters and Hormones | 关键神经递质与激素
Dopamine is linked to pleasure, reward, and movement. Associate 'dope' with the 'dope' feeling of a reward. Serotonin regulates mood, sleep, and appetite. Remember the 'S' sounds: Serotonin = Serenity + tone — it sets the tone for a serene mood.
多巴胺与愉悦、奖赏和运动相关。将“dope”与犒赏时的“爽”的感觉联系起来。血清素调节情绪、睡眠和食欲。记住“S”音的联想：Serotonin = Serenity（宁静）+ tone（基调）——它为宁静的情绪定下基调。
Adrenaline (epinephrine) triggers the fight-or-flight response; think of an 'adrenaline rush' in an emergency — the word even sounds like 'a drill' preparing your body for action. Cortisol is a stress hormone that increases blood sugar; remember it as 'corti-sol' — your body is releasing a 'soldier' to fight stress, but too much becomes harmful.
肾上腺素引发战斗或逃跑反应；想想紧急情况下的“肾上腺素飙升”——这个词听起来就像“a drill”（一场演练），让身体准备行动。皮质醇是一种应激激素，可升高血糖；记住“corti-sol”——身体释放出一名“士兵（soldier）”去对抗压力，但过多则有害。
7. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Models | 认知心理学：记忆模型
The Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) describes three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Think of a library: sensory register is the book cover you glance at, STM is the book on your desk for a day, and LTM is the book archived on the shelf for life. Coding refers to the format of information (e.g., acoustic in STM, semantic in LTM).
多存储模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968）描述了三个存储库：感觉登记器、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。想象一个图书馆：感觉登记器是你瞥了一眼的书的封面，STM 是放在桌上一天的书，LTM 则是归档在书架上终生的书。编码指信息的格式（如 STM 中为声学编码，LTM 中为语义编码）。
Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) replaces the idea of a single STM. Its components include the central executive (the boss that allocates attention), the phonological loop (deals with speech-based sound — remember 'phonological' as related to 'phone', which transmits sound), the visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye for visual and spatial tasks), and the episodic buffer (added later; integrates information and links to LTM). A ringmaster in a circus: the central executive is the ringmaster directing a sound performer (phonological loop), a visual juggler (visuospatial sketchpad), and a storyteller (episodic buffer).
工作记忆模型（Baddeley & Hitch, 1974）取代了单一的短时记忆概念。其组成部分包括中央执行器（分配注意力的老板）、语音回路（处理基于言语的声音——想起“phonological”与“phone（电话）”相关，传递声音）、视空间画板（处理视觉与空间任务的“内心之眼”）和情节缓冲区（后来添加的；整合信息并连接长时记忆）。想象一个马戏团：中央执行器是主持人，指挥一位声音表演者（语音回路）、一位视觉杂耍者（视空间画板）和一位讲故事的人（情节缓冲区）。
8. Types of Long-Term Memory | 长时记忆的类型
Episodic memory is the memory of personal life events (episodes). Think of an 'episode' of your favourite TV show — those events are unique to you. Semantic memory stores facts and knowledge about the world, like the meaning of words. Remember: Semantic = shared meaning.
情景记忆是对个人生活事件（episodes）的记忆。想象你最喜欢的一集电视剧——那些事件属于你。语义记忆存储关于世界的事实和知识，比如词语的含义。记住：语义 = 共享的意义。
Procedural memory is the memory of skills and actions, often described as 'knowing how'. It is typically implicit. A mnemonic: pro-cedure — you remember the procedure for riding a bike, not the facts about it. CCEA questions often ask you to distinguish these types with examples.
程序性记忆是对技能和动作的记忆，常被描述为“知道如何做”。它通常是内隐的。助记法：pro-cedure（程序）——你记住的是骑自行车的程序，而非关于它的事实。CCEA 考题常要求你用例子区分这些类型。
9. Social Psychology: Conformity and Obedience | 社会心理学：从众与服从
Conformity is a change in behaviour or beliefs due to real or imagined group pressure. Compliance is public conformity but private disagreement — you comply outwardly but keep your inner view. Identification is temporary conformity because you value the group's membership. Internalisation is true acceptance, both publicly and privately.
从众是由于真实或想象的群体压力而改变行为或信念。顺从是公开从众但私下不认同——你表面上顺从，但内心保持己见。认同是因为看重群体成员身份而暂时从众。内化是真正的接受，无论是公开还是私下。
To recall the order of depth: 'C I I' — Compliance is shallow, Identification is moderate, Internalisation is deep. Normative social influence (desire to be liked) leads to compliance; informational social influence (desire to be right) leads to internalisation. Normative = normal to want approval; informational = you need information on how to act correctly.
要记住深度顺序：“C I I”——顺从最浅，认同中等，内化最深。 规范性社会影响（渴望被喜欢）导致顺从；信息性社会影响（渴望正确）导致内化。Normative —— 想要获得认可很正常；informational —— 你需要信息来指导如何正确行动。
Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram's experiments highlighted the power of agentic state, where a person sees themselves as an agent of another's will and thus feels less responsibility. The opposite is the autonomous state. Think: Agentic = acting as an agent for someone else.
服从是听从权威人物直接命令的行为。米尔格拉姆的实验揭示了代理状态的力量，在这种状态下，个体将自己视为他人意志的代理人，因此感到责任减轻。与之相对的是自主状态。联想：Agentic = 作为代理人（agent）行事。
10. Key Research Methods: Observations and Interviews | 关键研究方法：观察法与访谈法
In covert observation, participants are unaware they are being watched. 'Covert' sounds like 'covered' — the researcher's role is covered. In overt observation, participants know. 'Overt' is open. A participant observation means the researcher joins the group being studied. Remember: the researcher is a participant in the activity.
在隐蔽观察中，参与者不知道自己被观察。“Covert”听起来像“covered（被遮盖）” ——研究者的身份被遮盖了。在公开观察中，参与者知情。“Overt”是开放的。参与式观察指研究者加入被研究群体。记住：研究者是活动的参与者。
Structured interview uses a fixed set of predetermined questions, improving reliability. Unstructured interview is more like a conversation, yielding rich qualitative data but harder to replicate. Semi-structured interview combines both: fixed questions plus flexibility to explore topics. Think of a semi-detached house — partly connected, partly independent.
结构化访谈使用一套固定的预设问题，提高了信度。非结构化访谈更像一次交谈，能产生丰富的质性数据，但不易重复。半结构化访谈结合二者：固定问题加上灵活探索的余地。想象一栋半独立式房屋——部分相连，部分独立。
11. Ethical Issues and Dealing with Them | 伦理问题及其处理
CCEA expects you to know terms like informed consent, deception, protection from harm, privacy, and right to withdraw. A quick acronym for the main ethical principles: I Can Do PRe-WR — Informed Consent, Deception, Privacy, Right to Withdraw, and protection from physical/psychological Risk. Not perfect, but it helps order.
CCEA 让你掌握诸如知情同意、欺骗、免受伤害、隐私和退出权等术语。一个主要伦理原则的速记缩写：ICDPR（Informed consent, Confidentiality, Deception protection, Privacy, Right to withdraw）。或者用中文谐音“知情隐退私”来记。
When dealing with deception, researchers should use debriefing to reveal the true aims after the study. Presumptive consent asks a similar group of people whether they would agree to the procedure; if they say yes, consent is presumed. Prior general consent involves participants agreeing to be deceived in unspecified ways. Remember: presumptive = presume they would say yes.
处理欺骗时，研究者应使用事后解释在研究结束后揭示真实目的。预设同意是询问一组相似的人是否同意该程序；如果他们同意，即假定同意有效。事先一般同意是参与者同意接受未具体说明的欺骗方式。记住：presumptive = 假定（presume）他们会同意。
12. Data Analysis and Graphical Representation | 数据分析与图表呈现
Measures of central tendency: mean (average), median (middle score when ordered), mode (most frequent). The mean is sensitive to outliers, so use median for skewed data. 'Mean' is mean to outliers — it pulls in their direction. Range (highest minus lowest) indicates dispersion. Standard deviation measures average spread around the mean; a larger SD means more variability.
集中趋势指标：平均数（均值）、中位数（排序后的中间值）、众数（出现最多的值）。平均数对异常值敏感，因此在偏态分布中使用中位数。“Mean”对异常值很“mean（刻薄）”——它会被拉向异常值方向。全距（最大值减最小值）表示离散程度。标准差衡量数据围绕平均值的平均离散程度；标准差越大，变异性越大。
A bar chart displays frequency data for discrete categories; the bars do not touch because the categories are separate. A histogram is for continuous data and the bars do touch, reflecting the continuous scale. A scattergraph shows the relationship between two co-variables for a correlational analysis. For CCEA, always label axes clearly and give your graph a title.
条形图展示离散类别的频数数据；条形之间不接触，因为各类别是分开的。直方图用于连续数据，条形之间相接触，反映连续的尺度。散点图显示两个共变量的关系，用于相关分析。在 CCEA 考试中，始终清晰标记坐标轴并给图表加上标题。
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