📚 Year 12 CCEA Science: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 12 CCEA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is a cornerstone of success in Year 12 CCEA Science. This quick-memorisation guide breaks down essential vocabulary from biology, chemistry, and physics, pairing each term with a clear definition and a memorable tip. Use these paired English–Chinese explanations to reinforce your understanding and speed up recall for exams and practical assessments.
掌握科学术语是在 Year 12 CCEA 科学中取得成功的基石。这份速记指南分解了生物、化学和物理的核心词汇，每个术语都配有清晰的定义和易记提示。使用这些中英文对照解释来巩固理解，加快考试和实验评估中的回忆速度。
1. Scientific Method and Experimental Design | 科学方法与实验设计
Hypothesis: A testable prediction that can be supported or refuted through experimentation. Memory tip: 'Hypo-' means under, 'thesis' means placing — you are placing an idea under test.
假设：一个可以通过实验被支持或反驳的可检验预测。记忆法：'Hypo-' 意为在……之下，'thesis' 意为放置——你将一个想法置于检验之下。
Independent variable: The factor that you deliberately change or manipulate. Think 'I' for Independent and 'I change it'.
自变量：你故意改变或操控的因素。想想 'I' 代表独立（Independent），也代表我改变它（I change it）。
Dependent variable: The factor you measure or observe; it depends on the independent variable. Memory aid: the data you depend on.
因变量：你测量或观察的因素；它依赖于自变量。记忆辅助：你需要依赖的数据。
Control variable: Any factor kept constant to ensure a fair test. Think of 'control' as keeping things under control so only one thing changes.
控制变量：任何保持恒定的因素，以确保测试公平。把 '控制' 想成让一切受控，只有一样东西改变。
2. Cells and Biological Molecules | 细胞与生物分子
Cell membrane: A partially permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Visualise it as a security gate with tiny pores.
细胞膜：一种选择性透过屏障，控制物质进出细胞。将其想象成带有微小孔隙的安全门。
Mitochondria: Organelles where aerobic respiration occurs, releasing ATP. Remember 'mighty mitochondria' — the powerhouse of the cell.
线粒体：进行有氧呼吸的细胞器，释放 ATP。记住 '强大的线粒体'——细胞的能量工厂。
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy. The lock-and-key analogy: the active site is the lock, the substrate is the key.
酶：一种生物催化剂，通过降低活化能来加速反应。锁钥类比：活性位点是锁，底物是钥匙。
Active site: The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. Its shape is complementary to the substrate; like a puzzle piece fitting perfectly.
活性位点：酶上与底物结合的特定区域。它的形状与底物互补，就像一块完美契合的拼图。
3. Genetics and Evolution | 遗传与进化
Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Think 'gene generates a protein'.
基因：编码特定蛋白质的一段 DNA。想想 '基因生成蛋白质'。
Allele: Allele = alternative form. For eye colour, you might have a blue allele or a brown allele.
等位基因：同一基因的不同版本。Allele = 替代形式。以眼睛颜色为例，你可能有一个蓝色等位基因或棕色等位基因。
Genotype: The genetic makeup of an individual, represented by letters (e.g., Bb). Geno- refers to genes.
基因型：个体的基因组成，用字母表示（如 Bb）。Geno- 指基因。
Phenotype: The observable physical trait produced by the genotype. Pheno- sounds like 'physical'.
表现型：由基因型产生的可观察的物理性状。Pheno- 听起来像 'physical'（物理的）。
Natural selection: The process where organisms better suited to their environment survive and reproduce. The key phrase: 'nature selects the fittest'.
自然选择：更适应环境的生物生存下来并繁殖的过程。关键词句：'自然选择最适者'。
4. Ecology | 生态学
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living (abiotic) environment. Think 'eco-system' — a system of ecological relationships.
生态系统：生物群落与非生物环境相互作用的整体。想成 '生态的系统'。
Habitat: The place where an organism lives. Habitat sounds like 'habit-at' — where it is habitually found.
栖息地：生物居住的地方。Habitat 让人联想到 '习惯待的地方'。
Niche: The role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including what it eats and how it interacts. Niche sounds like 'niche job' — its special occupation.
生态位：生物在生态系统中的角色，包括其食物和相互作用。Niche（生态位）可联想为 '专门工作'。
Biodiversity: The variety of all living things in an area. Bio- means life, diversity means variety; a biologically diverse place is rich in species.
生物多样性：一个区域内所有生物的多样性。Bio- 意为生命，diversity 意为多样性；生物多样的地方物种丰富。
5. Atoms and Elements | 原子与元素
Atom: The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties. From Greek 'atomos', meaning indivisible.
原子：保留元素化学性质的最小单位。源自希腊语 'atomos'，意为不可分割的。
Proton: A positively charged particle found in the nucleus. P for positive, and proton starts with P.
质子：原子核中带正电的粒子。P 代表正电 (Positive)，质子 (Proton) 以 P 开头。
Neutron: An uncharged particle in the nucleus. Neutron sounds like 'neutral'.
中子：原子核中不带电的粒子。Neutron 读音像 'neutral'（中性的）。
Electron: A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus in shells. Electrons create electricity when they flow.
电子：带负电的粒子，在原子核外的壳层中绕行。电子流动就产生电流 (electricity)。
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Iso- means same, -tope means place — same place on the periodic table.
同位素：质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素的原子。Iso- 意为相同，-tope 意为位置——周期表中相同的位置。
6. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
Reactant: A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. Think of 're-acting' — it acts in the reaction.
反应物：参与反应并在反应中发生变化的物质。联想 're-acting'（重新作用）——它在反应中起作用。
Product: A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction. What the reaction produces.
生成物：化学反应的结果产生的物质。即反应所生产的东西。
Activation energy: The minimum energy colliding particles must have for a reaction to occur. Like a push needed to start a boulder rolling downhill.
活化能：碰撞粒子发生反应所必须具有的最小能量。就像让巨石开始滚下坡所需的推力。
Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed or used up. It provides an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. Memory aid: a 'catalyst for change' speeds things up without being consumed.
催化剂：提高反应速率而自身不被化学改变或消耗的物质。它提供了一条更低活化能的替代反应途径。记忆法：如同 '变革的催化剂'，加速而不被消耗。
Dynamic equilibrium: In a reversible reaction in a closed system, the forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate, so concentrations remain constant. Dynamic means ongoing movement, equilibrium means balance.
动态平衡：在封闭系统中的可逆反应里，正逆反应速率相等，浓度保持不变。动态意味着持续的运动，平衡意味着均衡。
7. Organic Chemistry | 有机化学
Hydrocarbon: A compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydro- refers to hydrogen, and -carbon to carbon.
烃：仅由碳和氢原子组成的化合物。Hydro- 指氢，carbon 指碳。
Alkane: A saturated hydrocarbon with only single bonds, general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Think 'alk-ane' as plain and simple, all single.
烷烃：饱和烃，只有单键，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂。把 '烷' 想成简单朴素，全是单键。
Alkene: nsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one C=C double bond, general formula CₙH₂ₙ. The 'ene' ending signals a double bond, which is more reactive.
烯烃：不饱和烃，至少含有一个 C=C 双键，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ。词尾 'ene' 提示双键，反应性更强。
Functional group: An atom or group of atoms that gives a molecule its characteristic reactions. Like the 'function' of a molecule; alcohols have -OH as their functional group.
官能团：赋予分子特征反应的原子或原子团。如同分子的 '功能'；醇类的官能团是 -OH。
Homologous series: A family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, where each successive member differs by CH₂. They share a 'homo' (same) structure pattern.
同系物系列：具有相同官能团和相似化学性质的一系列有机化合物，相邻成员相差一个 CH₂。它们共有 '同' 样的结构模式。
8. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push, pull or twist that can change an object's motion or shape, measured in newtons (N). Think of forcing something to move.
力：能改变物体运动或形状的推、拉或扭转作用，单位为牛顿（N）。想象强制某物移动。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass does not change with location.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克（kg）。质量不随位置改变。
Weight: on gravitational field strength. On the Moon, your weight is less but your mass stays the same.
重量：作用在质量上的重力，计算公式为 W = m × g。重量取决于重力场强度。在月球上，你的重量变小但质量不变。
Acceleration: tity. a = Δv ÷ t. An object accelerates if it speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.
加速度：速度的变化率；是矢量。a = Δv ÷ t。物体加速可能是加快、减慢或改变方向。
Momentum: A heavy, fast-moving lorry has large momentum. Momentum is always conserved in collisions.
动量：质量与速度的乘积（p = m × v）。重而快的卡车具有大动量。碰撞中动量总是守恒的。
9. Energy and Electricity | 能量与电力
Kinetic energy: moving object, calculated by KE = ½mv². Doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy.
动能：运动物体具有的能量，公式为 KE = ½mv²。速度加倍，动能增加为四倍。
Gravitational potential energy: ve : Energy stored in an object due to its height above ground; GPE = mgh. The higher an object is lifted, the more potential energy it stores.
重力势能：物体因离地高度而储存的能量；GPE = mgh。物体举得越高，储存的势能越多。
Voltage (potential difference): The energy transferred per unit charge; it 'pushes' the current around a circuit. Measured in volts (V). Think of voltage as the electrical pressure.
电压（电位差）：每单位电荷转移的能量；它 '推动' 电荷在电路中流动，单位为伏特（V）。把电压想成电的压力。
Current: t, measured in amperes (A). Imagine current as the amount of water flowing through a pipe.
电流：电荷流动的速率，I = Q ÷ t，单位为安培（A）。把电流想象成流过水管的水量。
Resistance: red in ohms (Ω). A narrow wire has higher resistance, like a narrow pipe restricts water flow.
电阻：衡量元件对电流阻碍作用大小的量；R = V ÷ I，单位为欧姆（Ω）。细导线电阻更大，就像细水管限制水流。
10. Waves and Radiation | 波与辐射
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. A sound wave with greater amplitude is louder; a light wave with greater amplitude is brighter.
振幅：波偏离平衡位置的最大位移。振幅大的声波更响；振幅大的光波更亮。
Frequency: sured in hertz (Hz). Frequency determines pitch for sound and colour for light. f = 1 ÷ T.
频率：每秒通过某点的完整波周期数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。频率决定声音的音调和光的颜色。f = 1 ÷ T。
Wavelength (λ): The distance between two consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs. Radio waves have long wavelengths; gamma rays have extremely short wavelengths.
波长（λ）：两个相邻波峰或波谷间的距离。无线电波波长大，伽马射线波长极短。
Refraction: The change in direction of a wave as it passes from one medium to another, caused by a change in speed. A pencil in water appears bent due to refraction.
折射：波从一种介质进入另一种介质时因速度改变而发生的方向变化。水中的铅笔看起来弯折就是折射造成的。
Half-life: The time taken for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. After one half-life, activity drops by half; after two, it's a quarter.
半衰期：样品中一半放射性原子核发生衰变所需的时间。经过一个半衰期，活度减半；经过两个半衰期，剩下四分之一。
Radioactive decay: The spontaneous breakdown of an unstable atomic nucleus, emitting alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. It is random and cannot be predicted for a single nucleus.
放射性衰变：不稳定原子核自发分裂，释放出 α、β 或 γ 辐射。它是随机的，对单个原子核无法预测。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图