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German Grammar Formulas & Rules Quick Reference | 德语语法公式定理速查手册

2026-07-22 04:31 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 German Grammar Formulas & Rules Quick Reference | 德语语法公式定理速查手册

This Cambridge Year 11 German revision guide presents the core grammar rules as clear, formula-like patterns. Treat each section as a set of equations that unlock accurate speaking and writing – from article declension and verb conjugation to sentence structure and adjective endings. Use these “theorems” to check your work and build confidence fast.

这份剑桥 Year 11 德语复习手册将核心语法规则整理成清晰的公式型模式。把每一节都当作一组能解锁准确表达与写作的方程式——从冠词变格、动词变位到句子结构和形容词词尾。用这些“定理”来检查你的作业,并快速建立信心。


1. Definite & Indefinite Article “Formula” | 定冠词与不定冠词“公式”

The definite article (the) and indefinite article (a/an) change according to the gender, case and number of the noun. Memorise these base forms as your starting equation.

定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a/an)会根据名词的性、格和数发生变化。记住下面这些基础形式,作为你的起始方程式。

Case|格Masculine|阳性Neuter|中性Feminine|阴性Plural|复数
Nominativeder / eindas / eindie / einedie / –
Accusativeden / einendas / eindie / einedie / –
Dativedem / einemdem / einemder / einerden / –
Genitivedes / einesdes / einesder / einerder / –

Think of articles as variables that must agree with the noun’s role in the sentence. If you know the case and gender, the article becomes predictable.

把冠词看作必须与名词在句中的角色保持一致的变量。一旦知道了格和词性,冠词也就变得可预测了。


2. Noun Plurals: Pattern Recognition Rules | 名词复数:模式识别规则

German plurals follow several patterns rather than a single ending. Treat these as “if – then” rules.

德语名词复数遵循若干模式,而非单一词尾。把这些模式视为“如果……那么……”的规则。

Always learn the plural form together with the noun’s gender – it is part of the vocabulary “equation”.

始终把复数形式与名词的性别一起学习——这是词汇“方程式”的一部分。


3. The Four Cases as Role Descriptors | 四个格作为角色描述因子

Case tells you the job a noun or pronoun performs. The formula links case to question words.

格告诉你名词或代词所扮演的角色。公式将格与疑问词联系起来。

CaseFunctionQuestion WordSignal Example
NominativeSubjectWer? Was?Der Hund schläft.
AccusativeDirect objectWen? Was?Ich sehe den Hund.
DativeIndirect objectWem?Ich gebe dem Hund einen Ball.
GenitivePossessionWessen?Das Spielzeug des Hundes.

Apply these question words to decide the correct article and adjective ending. It works like a diagnostic tool.

用这些疑问词来决定正确的冠词和形容词词尾。这就像一套诊断工具一样地工作。


4. Personal Pronoun Grid | 人称代词矩阵

Pronouns decline according to person, number and case. This grid is your reference table for everyday communication.

代词根据人称、数和格进行变格。这个矩阵是你日常交流的参考表。

PersonNominativeAccusativeDative
ichichmichmir
dududichdir
er / es / sieer / es / sieihn / es / sieihm / ihm / ihr
wirwirunsuns
ihrihreucheuch
sie / Siesie / Siesie / Sieihnen / Ihnen

Use the accusative for direct objects and the dative for indirect objects. The formal “Sie” always requires capital letter and the same form in accusative.

直接宾语用宾格,间接宾语用与格。尊称“Sie”始终大写,其宾格形式相同。


5. Present Tense Conjugation “Equation” | 现在时动词变位“方程式”

The regular present tense follows a fixed pattern: stem + personal ending. Spot the stem by removing -en or -n.

规则现在时遵循固定模式:词干 + 人称词尾。去掉 -en 或 -n 得到词干。

machen (to do/make): mach- + endings

on singular (du and er/sie/es). Spot the pattern: e → i or e → ie (sehen → du siehst), a → ä (fahren → du fährst).

不规则动词通常仅在第二、第三人称单数(du 和 er/sie/es)中改变词干元音。识别模式:e → i 或 e → ie(sehen → du siehst),a → ä(fahren → du fährst)。


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6. Perfect Tense Construction Formula | 完成时构成公式

The spoken past is built with a helper verb (haben/sein) + past participle. The participle often has ge- + stem + -t (regular) or ge- + changed stem + -en (irregular).

口语中的过去时由助动词(haben/sein)+ 过去分词构成。过去分词通常是 ge- + 词干 + -t(规则)或 ge- + 变化词干 + -en(不规则)。

Perfekt = haben/sein (conjugated) + Partizip II

Use “sein” for verbs showing movement or change of state (gehen, fahren, aufstehen). All others normally use “haben”. The participle goes to the very end of the clause: Ich habe gestern einen Film gesehen.

表示移动或状态变化的动词(gehen, fahren, aufstehen)使用“sein”。其它动词通常用“haben”。分词位于从句末尾:Ich habe gestern einen Film gesehen。


7. Modal Verbs & the “Verb-at-End” Rule | 情态动词与“动词置末”规则

Modal verbs (können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen) form a frame: the modal is conjugated in second position, the main verb goes to the end as an infinitive.

情态动词(können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen)构成框形结构:情态动词变位后置于第二位,主动词以不定式形式位于句末。

Subject + modal (V2) + ... + main verb (infinitive)

Example: Ich muss heute meine Hausaufgaben machen. (I must do my homework today.) The modal shift applies even when there are many objects or time phrases.

示例:Ich muss heute meine Hausaufgaben machen。即使有多个宾语或时间状语,这一语序转换同样适用。


8. Separable & Inseparable Prefix Logic | 可分与不可分前缀逻辑

Separable prefixes (an, auf, aus, ein, mit, zu, etc.) detach and move to the end in main clauses. Inseparable prefixes (be, emp, ent, er, ge, ver, zer) never split.

可分前缀(an, auf, aus, ein, mit, zu 等)在主句中分离并移至句末。不可分前缀(be, emp, ent, er, ge, ver, zer)从不可分。

Separable: anrufen → Ich rufe dich an. (I call you.)
Inseparable: verstehen → Ich verstehe das. (I understand that.)

In the perfect participle, separable verbs insert -ge- between prefix and stem: angerufen. Inseparable verbs omit the ge- entirely: verstanden.

在完成时分词中,可分动词在词缀与词干间插入 -ge-:angerufen。不可分动词则完全省略 ge-:verstanden。


9. Prepositions & Fixed Case Government | 介词及其固定格支配

Each preposition demands a specific case – accusative, dative or genitive. There is also a group of two-way prepositions whose case changes with motion (accusative) or location (dative).

每个介词都要求特定的格——宾格、与格或属格。还有一组双向介词,其格根据移动(宾格)或静止位置(与格)而变化。

Accusative onlyDative onlyTwo-way (acc/dat)
durch, für, gegen, ohne, umaus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zuan, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen

For two-way prepositions, ask: “Wohin?” (where to?) → Accusative. “Wo?” (where at?) → Dative. Ich gehe in die Schule (acc). Ich bin in der Schule (dat).

对于双向介词,问:“Wohin?”(去哪里?)→ 宾格。“Wo?”(在哪里?)→ 与格。Ich gehe in die Schule (acc). Ich bin in der Schule (dat).


10. Adjective Endings: The Big Decision Table | 形容词词尾:大决策表

Adjective endings depend on three factors: case, gender of the noun, and whether a determiner is already showing the case clearly. Because this looks like a complex algorithm, treat the table as your lookup chart.

形容词词尾取决于三个因素:格、名词的性别,以及前置限定词是否已经明确显示了格。这看起来像一个复杂的算法,因此把这张表当作你的查找图。

CaseMasculineNeuterFemininePlural
After der/das/die (definite article)-e-e-e-en
After ein/eine (indefinite article, kein, possessive)-er-es-e-en
No article-er-es-e-e

Note: Dative and genitive singular always add -en regardless of the determiner (dem netten Mann, eines netten Mannes). Use this rule to simplify your memorisation.

注意:与格和属格单数无论限定词如何都加 -en(dem netten Mann, eines netten Mannes)。运用这条规则来简化你的记忆。


11. Sentence Structure: The V2 & Verb-Final Theorems | 句子结构:V2 与动词置末定理

Normal main clauses follow the V2 rule: the finite verb is always the second idea in the sentence, not necessarily the second word. In subordinate clauses, the verb moves to the very end.

正常的主句遵循 V2 规则:限定动词始终是句子中的第二个“成分”,不一定是第二个单词。在从句中,动词移至句末。

Main clause: Subject + Verb + (rest) → Gestern habe ich ein Buch gelesen.
Subordinate clause: ... , weil ich ein Buch gelesen habe.

Common subordinating conjunctions include: dass, weil, obwohl, wenn, als, bevor, nachdem, da, damit. Always push the conjugated verb to the end after these words.

常见的从属连词包括:dass, weil, obwohl, wenn, als, bevor, nachdem, da, damit。在这些词之后总要把变位动词推到句末。


12. Irregular Verbs Speed List | 不规则动词速查清单

Certain verbs are so frequent that their three forms (infinitive – past tense – perfect participle) must become automatic. Use this mini thesaurus as your formula sheet.

某些动词使用频率极高,它们的三种形式(不定式 – 过去时 – 完成时过去分词)必须变成自动反应。把这份迷你分类词表当作你的公式页。

InfinitivePast (Präteritum)Participle (Partizip II)
sein (to be)warist gewesen
haben (to have)hattehat gehabt
werden (to become)wurdeist geworden
gehen (to go)gingist gegangen
kommen (to come)kamist gekommen
sehen (to see)sahhat gesehen
geben (to give)gabhat gegeben
fahren (to drive/go)fuhrist gefahren
sprechen (to speak)sprachhat gesprochen
nehmen (to take)nahmhat genommen

e Review this list regularly and test yourself on the infinitive → perfect pair. Many additional patterns can be deduced once these are solid.

定期复习这份清单,并自测不定式 → 过去分词搭配。一旦这些基础牢固,许多其他模式都可以推导出来。

Published by TutorHao | German Revision Series | aleveler.com

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