📚 Year 12 CCEA Physics Guide to Memorising Key Terms | Year 12 CCEA 物理关键术语速记指南
Mastering physics starts with mastering its language. For Year 12 CCEA students, a solid grasp of terminology unlocks not only exam marks but also deeper understanding. This guide pairs essential AS-level terms with simple memory aids, making revision faster and more effective.
学好物理从精通它的语言开始。对 Year 12 CCEA 学生来说，扎实掌握术语不仅能拿下考试分数，还能打开更深层次的理解。这份速记指南把 AS 核心词汇和简单的记忆法配对，让复习更快更高效。
1. Scalars, Vectors and Motion | 标量、矢量与运动
Many calculation errors come from confusing scalars with vectors. These basics underpin all of kinematics.
许多计算错误都来自混淆标量和矢量。这些基础概念支撑着整个运动学。
Scalar – a quantity with magnitude only. Think "scalar = scale", it's just a number. Examples: mass, time, energy, speed.
标量 – 只有大小的量。联想“标量就是只有尺度的量”，只是个数字。例：质量、时间、能量、速率。
Vector – a quantity with both magnitude and direction. Mnemonic: "Vector points the way". Examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force.
矢量 – 既有大小又有方向的量。记忆：“矢量指向方向”。例：位移、速度、加速度、力。
Displacement (s) – the straight-line distance from start to finish in a given direction. It can be zero for a round trip. Key: "displace" means you've moved position.
位移 – 起点到终点的直线距离，并带有方向。往返一圈位移可以是零。记住：“位移”就是位置变了。
Velocity (v) – rate of change of displacement. Vector. Instantaneous vs average velocity are different.
速度 – 位移的变化率，是矢量。瞬时速度和平均速度不同。
Acceleration (a) – rate of change of velocity. Can be due to a change in speed, direction, or both. Uniform acceleration equations (SUVAT) apply only when a is constant.
加速度 – 速度的变化率。速度大小或方向改变都会产生加速度。匀加速方程 (SUVAT) 只在加速度恒定时适用。
v = u + at, s = ut + ½ at², v² = u² + 2as
Memory tip: Write 'SUVAT' vertically and fill in s, u, v, a, t – it instantly reminds you which variable is missing for each equation.
记忆技巧：把 'SUVAT' 竖向写下，填上 s, u, v, a, t，就能立刻看出每个方程缺了哪个量。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Forces are vectors that cause acceleration. Newton's three laws provide the framework for all mechanics problems.
力是产生加速度的矢量。牛顿三定律为所有力学问题提供了框架。
Force – a push or pull measured in newtons (N). 1 N = 1 kg m s⁻². Always draw a free-body diagram.
力 – 推或拉的作用，单位牛顿。1 N = 1 kg m s⁻²。一定要画受力分析图。
Newton's First Law – an object will remain at rest or move with constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force. Call it the "law of inertia".
牛顿第一定律 – 不受合外力的物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。称为“惯性定律”。
Newton's Second Law – F = ma. The resultant force is proportional to acceleration. Mass is the constant. "Force equals mass times acceleration".
牛顿第二定律 – F = ma。合外力与加速度成正比，质量是比例常数。记住“力等于质量乘加速度”。
Newton's Third Law – whenever object A exerts a force on object B, B exerts an equal and opposite force on A. These forces are of the same type and act on different bodies. Mnemonic: "Action-reaction pair: same type, different object."
牛顿第三定律 – A 对 B 施力，B 同时对 A 施以大小相等、方向相反的力。这对力同类型、作用在不同物体上。速记：“作用力与反作用力：同种力、不同体。”
Weight – gravitational force, W = mg. Not the same as mass. Weight varies with g, mass does not.
重量 – 重力，W = mg。和质量不同，重量随 g 变化，质量不变。
Moment – rinciple of moments: for equilibrium, total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment.
力矩 – 力的转动效应，力矩 = 力 × 支点到力作用线的垂直距离。力矩原理：平衡时总顺时针力矩等于总逆时针力矩。
3. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能量与功率
Energy is a conserved quantity that can be stored or transferred. These terms describe mechanical energy transfers.
能量是一个守恒量，可以储存或转移。这些术语描述机械能的转移。
Work done (W) – when a force moves an object. W = Fs cos θ. If no displacement, no work. Unit: joule (J).
功 – 力使物体移动时转移的能量。W = Fs cos θ。没有位移就没有做功。单位：焦耳。
Kinetic energy (Eₖ) – energy due to motion. Eₖ = ½ mv². "Kinetic" sounds like "motion".
动能 – 因运动而具有的能量。Eₖ = ½ mv²。“Kinetic”联想“运动”。
Gravitational potential energy (Eₚ) – stored energy due to position in a gravitational field. ΔEₚ = mgΔh. Remember "potential = height".
重力势能 – 因在引力场中的位置而储存的能量。ΔEₚ = mgΔh。记住“势能看高度”。
Elastic potential energy – energy stored in stretched or compressed materials. For a spring obeying Hooke's law: E = ½ kx².
弹性势能 – 拉伸或压缩材料时储存的能量。对于遵守胡克定律的弹簧：E = ½ kx²。
Conservation of energy – d. In a system, total initial energy = total final energy, but some may dissipate as heat.
能量守恒 – 能量不能被创造或消灭，只能转移。系统初始总能量 = 最终总能量，但部分可能以热耗散。
Power (P) – e of doing work. P = W/t or P = Fv. Unit: watt (W). High power means fast energy transfer.
功率 – 做功的快慢。P = W/t 或 P = Fv。单位：瓦特。高功率意味着能量转移快。
4. Deformation of Solids | 固体的形变
Materials respond to forces in different ways. These terms describe elastic and plastic behaviour.
材料对力的响应各不相同。这些术语描述弹性和塑性行为。
Hooke's Law – is proportional to force, F = kΔL, provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded. "Hooke holds linear."
胡克定律 – 在比例极限内，伸长量与力成正比，F = kΔL。记忆：“胡克线性的。”
Spring constant (k) – stiffness of a spring or material. Higher k means stiffer. Unit: N m⁻¹.
弹簧常数 – 弹簧或材料的刚度。k 越大越硬。单位 N m⁻¹。
Elastic limit – the point beyond which the material no longer returns to its original shape. It is slightly beyond the limit of proportionality for some materials.
弹性极限 – 超过此点材料不再恢复原状。对某些材料来说略高于比例极限。
Plastic deformation – permanent change in shape. Think "plasticine stays deformed".
塑性形变 – 永久的形状改变。联想“橡皮泥 (plasticine) 变形后不回弹”。
Stress (σ) – force per unit area, σ = F/A. Unit: Pa. Stress causes strain.
应力 – 单位面积受力，σ = F/A。单位帕斯卡。应力产生应变。
Strain (ε) – extension per unit original length, ε = ΔL/L₀. It has no unit because it's a ratio.
应变 – 单位原长的伸长量，ε = ΔL/L₀。无单位，是比值。
Young modulus (E) – of stress to strain for a material in the linear region. E = σ/ε. A measure of stiffness.
杨氏模量 – 线性区内应力与应变的比值，E = σ/ε。衡量材料的刚度。
5. Waves: Properties and Behaviour | 波的性质与行为
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Knowing their parameters is crucial for understanding light, sound and more.
波传递能量但不传递物质。掌握波参数对理解光、声等至关重要。
Transverse wave – ons are perpendicular to energy transfer direction. Examples: light, water waves, strings. "Transverse = perpendicular".
横波 – 振动方向与能量传递方向垂直。例：光波、水波、弦波。“横波 = 垂直”。
Longitudinal wave – oscillations are parallel to energy transfer. Examples: sound, ultrasound. "Longitudinal = parallel along".
纵波 – 振动方向与能量传递方向平行。例：声音、超声波。“纵 = 沿着”。
Amplitude (A) – maximum displacement from equilibrium. Linked to energy carried: intensity ∝ A².
振幅 – 离开平衡位置的最大位移。与能量有关：强度 ∝ A²。
Wavelength (λ) – distance between two consecutive points in phase, e.g. crest to crest. Measured in metres.
波长 – 相邻同相点间的距离，如波峰到波峰。单位米。
Frequency (f) – number of complete oscillations per second. Unit: hertz (Hz). f = 1/T.
频率 – 每秒完整振动的次数。单位赫兹。f = 1/T。
Wave speed (v) – how fast the wave travels. v = fλ. This is true for all waves.
波速 – 波传播的快慢。v = fλ，适用于所有波。
6. Refraction, Diffraction and Interference | 折射、衍射与干涉
Wave behaviour at boundaries and obstacles reveals key properties like superposition and phase.
波在界面和障碍物处的行为揭示了叠加和相位等关键性质。
Refraction – ve enters a medium of different speed. Frequency stays constant; wavelength changes. Snell's law: n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂.
折射 – 波进入不同波速介质时方向改变。频率不变，波长改变。斯涅耳定律：n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂。
Total internal reflection – angle greater than the critical angle. All light is reflected. Critical angle sin C = 1/n.
全内反射 – 光从光密介质射向光疏介质，且入射角大于临界角时发生，光全部反射。临界角 sin C = 1/n。
Diffraction – they pass through a gap or around an obstacle. Most noticeable when gap size ≈ wavelength.
衍射 – 波通过狭缝或绕过障碍物时扩散。缝宽约等于波长时最明显。
Superposition – when two waves meet, the resultant displacement is the vector sum of individual displacements. Leads to interference.
叠加 – 两波相遇时，合位移为各自位移的矢量和。产生了干涉。
Constructive interference – occurs when waves meet in phase, amplitude increases. Path difference = nλ.
相长干涉 – 同相波相遇，振幅增大。波程差 = nλ。
Destructive interference – ves meet out of phase (phase difference π), amplitude reduces. Path difference = (n + ½)λ.
相消干涉 – 反相波相遇，振幅减小。波程差 = (n + ½)λ。
Stationary wave – formed by superposition of two identical waves travelling in opposite directions. Has nodes (zero amplitude) and antinodes (maximum amplitude).
驻波 – 两列相同的波反向传播叠加形成。有波节（振幅零）和波腹（振幅最大）。
7. Electricity: Current and Circuits | 电学：电流与电路
Electricity is the flow of charge. Key terms describe how charges move and how components behave.
电是电荷的流动。关键术语描述电荷如何运动以及电路元件的行为。
Electric current (I) – rate of flow of charge. I = ΔQ/Δt. Unit: ampere (A). Remember "current is like water flow".
电流 – 电荷的流动速率。I = ΔQ/Δt。单位安培。想象成水流。
Potential difference (V) – sferred per unit charge between two points. V = W/Q. Unit: volt (V). Often called voltage.
电势差（电压） – 两点间每单位电荷转移的能量。V = W/Q。单位伏特。
Resistance (R) – opposition to current. R = V/I. Unit: ohm (Ω). Ohm's law: V = IR, provided temperature remains constant.
电阻 – 对电流的阻碍。R = V/I。单位欧姆。欧姆定律 V = IR，在温度恒定时成立。
Ohm's Law – current through a conductor is proportional to the potential difference across it, assuming constant physical conditions. Not followed by all components.
欧姆定律 – 在物理条件不变时，通过导体的电流与两端电势差成正比。并非所有元件都遵循。
Series circuit – components connected end-to-end. Current is the same through each, voltage divides. Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ...
串联电路 – 元件首尾相连。电流处处相等，电压分配。总电阻 Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ...
Parallel circuit – components connected side by side. Voltage is the same across each branch, current divides. 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...
并联电路 – 元件并排连接。各支路电压相同，电流分配。总电阻 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...
8. Resistance and EMF | 电阻与电动势
Beyond simple resistance, internal effects and special components are crucial for circuit analysis.
除了简单电阻，内阻效应和特殊元件对电路分析至关重要。
Electromotive force (EMF, ε) – the energy supplied by a source per unit charge. Measured in volts. Not a force. Think "EMF is the source's push".
电动势 – 电源提供每单位电荷的能量。单位伏特，不是力。想象成“电动势是电源的推动力”。
Internal resistance (r) – nside a power source causing energy loss. Terminal pd = ε - Ir. Real batteries have r > 0.
内阻 – 电源内部的电阻，导致能量损失。端电压 = ε - Ir。真实电池内阻大于零。
Potential divider – a circuit using resistors in series to obtain a fraction of the total voltage. Vout = (R₂ / (R₁+R₂)) × Vin. Useful with LDRs and thermistors.
分压器 – 用串联电阻获得总电压一部分的电路。Vout = (R₂ / (R₁+R₂)) × Vin。配合光敏电阻和热敏电阻使用。
Resistivity (ρ) – terial property indicating how strongly it resists current. R = ρL/A. Unit: Ω m. Mnemonic: "Resistivity = Resistance × length in mind".
电阻率 – 材料抵抗电流的固有性质。R = ρL/A。单位 Ω m。记忆：“电阻率是考虑长度和截面积的电阻”。
Thermistor – a component whose resistance decreases as temperature increases (NTC). Often used in temperature sensing.
热敏电阻 – 电阻随温度升高而降低的元件（负温度系数）。常用于温度检测。
LDR (Light-Dependent Resistor) – resistance decreases when light intensity increases. Think "Light = Low R".
光敏电阻 – 光照增强时电阻减小。联想“Light = Low R”。
9. Quantum Physics: Photons and Spectra | 量子物理：光子与光谱
At the atomic scale, energy is quantised. These terms unlock the photoelectric effect and atomic spectra.
在原子尺度，能量是量子化的。这些术语揭开光电效应和原子光谱的面纱。
Photon – lectromagnetic energy. Energy of one photon: E = hf. Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s.
光子 – 电磁辐射的能量包。单光子能量：E = hf。普朗克常数 h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s。
Electronvolt (eV) – antum scale. 1 eV = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J. Convert photon energy to eV by dividing by this charge.
电子伏特 – 微观粒子能量单位。1 eV = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J。将焦耳转 eV 需除以元电荷。
Photoelectric effect – emission of electrons from a metal surface when light above a certain frequency shines on it. Key facts: one photon ejects one electron, emission is instantaneous if f > threshold.
光电效应 – 当入射光频率大于阈频率时，电子从金属表面逸出。要点：一个光子打出一个电子，瞬时发生。
Threshold frequency (f₀) – minimum frequency of light to eject electrons. Related to work function φ = hf₀.
阈频率 – 能使电子逸出的最小光频。与功函数关系：φ = hf₀。
Work function (φ) – minimum energy needed to remove an electron from a metal surface. ½ mv²_max = hf - φ.
功函数 – 从金属表面移去一个电子所需的最小能量。最大动能 ½ mv²_max = hf - φ。
Stopping potential (Vₛ) – the reverse potential that stops the most energetic photoelectrons. eVₛ = Eₖ_max.
遏止电压 – 使动能最大的光电子恰好无法到达阳极的反向电压。eVₛ = Eₖ_max。
Emission spectrum – bright lines on a dark background, produced when excited electrons fall to lower energy levels. Each element has a unique spectrum.
发射光谱 – 暗背景上的亮线，由激发态电子跃迁回低能级时发出。每种元素有独特谱线。
Absorption spectrum – dark lines on a continuous spectrum, caused when electrons absorb specific photon energies and jump to higher levels.
吸收光谱 – 连续谱上的暗线，电子吸收特定光子能量跃迁到高能级形成。
10. Astronomy: Stars and Cosmology | 天文学：恒星与宇宙学
CCEA AS Unit 2 includes a taste of astrophysics. Terminology here links stars, radiation laws and the expanding Universe.
CCEA AS 第二单元包含天体物理学的初步知识。以下术语连接恒星、辐射定律和膨胀的宇宙。
Luminosity (L) – radiated by a star. Unit: watt. Depends on temperature and surface area: L = σAT⁴ (Stefan's law).
光度 – 恒星辐射的总功率。单位瓦特。与温度和表面积相关：L = σAT⁴（斯特藩定律）。
Radiant flux intensity (F) – area at a certain distance. F = L/(4πd²). Dimmer star or greater distance means smaller F.
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