📚 Year 11 Cambridge Computer Science: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 11 剑桥计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the core vocabulary of Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science (0478) is half the battle. This guide breaks down key terms into bite‑sized, bilingual explanations and memory hooks, helping you build recall speed for your exams. Each section targets a major topic area, with English definitions immediately followed by their Chinese equivalents and vivid memorisation tips.
掌握剑桥 IGCSE 计算机科学 (0478) 的核心术语是成功的一半。这份指南将关键术语拆解为小块的中英双语解释和记忆钩子，帮助你提升考试时的回忆速度。每个小节针对一个主要专题，先给出英文定义，紧接中文对应和生动的记忆技巧。
1. Data Representation | 数据表示
All data inside a computer is stored as patterns of bits. The smallest unit is a binary digit (bit), which can be either 0 or 1. Eight bits form a byte, and a nibble is half a byte – exactly 4 bits. These groupings are fundamental for measuring file sizes and memory capacity.
计算机内部所有数据都以比特位（bit）的模式存储。最小单位是二进制数字，即比特，取值只能为 0 或 1。八个比特组成一个字节（byte），半个字节称为半字节（nibble），正好 4 个比特。这些分组是衡量文件大小和内存容量的基础。
Binary numbers are base‑2, meaning each column is worth twice the previous one (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8). To convert binary to denary (base‑10), add the column values where a 1 appears. Conversely, to go from denary to binary, repeatedly divide by 2 and read the remainders backwards.
二进制数采用基数为 2 的计数法，每一位的权重是前一位的两倍（如 1、2、4、8）。将二进制转换为十进制（denary，基数为 10）时，只需把出现 1 的位权相加。反过来，从十进制转二进制则反复除以 2，并倒序读取余数。
Hexadecimal (base‑16) shortens long binary strings. Digits 0‑9 represent values 0‑9, and letters A‑F stand for 10‑ it much easier to read memory addresses and colour codes. For example, 1111₂ = F₁₆ = 15₁₀.
十六进制（基数为 16）能缩短冗长的二进制串。数字 0‑9 表示 0‑9，字母 A‑F 代表 10‑15。一个十六进制数字正好替换四个比特（一个半字节），因此阅读内存地址和颜色代码时方便得多。例如 1111₂ = F₁₆ = 15₁₀。
- Bit – a single binary digit (0 or 1) | 位 (比特)
- Byte – 8 bits | 字节
- Nibble – 4 bits | 半字节
- Binary – base‑2 number system | 二进制
- Denary/Decimal – base‑10 system | 十进制
- Hexadecimal – base‑16 system | 十六进制
Memory tip: Think of a nibble as a tiny bite out of a byte. And "hex" sounds like "six" – but hex is actually sixteen, not six!
记忆提示：把 nibble 想象成从 byte 上咬下的一小口。Hex 听起来像 six，但 hex 实际是十六，不是六！
2. Hardware Components | 硬件组成
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the computer's brain. It fetches, decodes, and executes instructions in a continuous cycle. The control unit (CU) directs data flow, while the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) carries out calculations and logical comparisons. Registers are small, high‑speed storage areas inside the CPU that hold temporary data or addresses.
中央处理器 (CPU) 是计算机的大脑。它以连续的周期进行取指、解码和执行操作。控制单元 (CU) 指挥数据流动，算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 负责执行计算和逻辑比较。寄存器是 CPU 内部的小容量高速存储区域，用于暂存数据或地址。
Primary memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile – data is lost when power is off – and it stores the programs and data currently in use. ROM (Read Only Memory) is non‑volatile and typically holds firmware, such as the BIOS.
主存储器包括 RAM 和 ROM。RAM（随机存取存储器）是易失性的——断电后数据丢失——它存放当前正在使用的程序和数据。ROM（只读存储器）是非易失性的，通常存储固件，如 BIOS。
Secondary storage (e.g. HDD, SSD, optical discs) provides long‑term, non‑volatile storage. Input devices (keyboard, mouse, sensors) feed data into the system, while output devices (monitor, printer, speakers) present results to the user.
辅助存储器（如 HDD、SSD、光盘）提供长期的非易失性存储。输入设备（键盘、鼠标、传感器）将数据送入系统，输出设备（显示器、打印机、音箱）将结果呈现给用户。
Key terms: CPU, ALU, CU, register, RAM, ROM, volatile, non‑volatile, secondary storage, peripheral.
关键术语：CPU、ALU、CU、寄存器、RAM、ROM、易失性、非易失性、辅助存储、外设。
3. Software Types | 软件类型
System software manages the hardware and provides a platform for applications. The operating system (OS) is the most critical system software. It handles multitasking, memory management, device drivers, and the user interface. Utility programs perform housekeeping tasks like disk defragmentation, encryption, and backup.
系统软件管理硬件并为应用程序提供平台。操作系统 (OS) 是最关键的系统软件。它处理多任务、内存管理、设备驱动程序和用户界面。实用程序执行磁盘碎片整理、加密和备份等维护任务。
Application software helps users perform specific tasks. Word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, and image editors are all examples. Applications require the OS to run, as they rely on the OS to access hardware resources.
应用软件帮助用户完成特定任务。文字处理器、电子表格、网页浏览器和图像编辑器都是例子。应用程序需要依赖操作系统来运行，因为它们通过操作系统访问硬件资源。
Open source software comes with source code that users can modify and distribute. Proprietary software restricts access to the source code and is owned by a company. Freeware is free of charge but may still be proprietary.
开源软件附带源代码，用户可以修改和分发。专有软件限制对源代码的访问，并由公司拥有。免费软件可以免费使用，但仍可能是专有的。
- Operating system (OS) | 操作系统
- Utility software | 实用软件
- Application software | 应用软件
- Open source | 开源
- Proprietary | 专有
4. Networks and Topologies | 网络与拓扑
A network links two or more computers to share resources. A Local Area Network (LAN) covers a small geographic area, like a school or office. A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans large distances, often connecting multiple LANs – the internet is the largest WAN. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) sits between LAN and WAN in scale.
网络将两台或更多计算机连接起来以共享资源。局域网 (LAN) 覆盖小范围地理区域，如学校或办公室。广域网 (WAN) 跨越长距离，通常连接多个 LAN——互联网就是最大的 WAN。城域网 (MAN) 规模介于 LAN 和 WAN 之间。
Network topologies describe how devices are physically or logically arranged. A star topology connects all nodes to a central switch or hub; if one cable fails, only that node is affected. A bus topology uses a single backbone cable, but a break can bring down the whole segment. A mesh topology gives multiple redundant paths, often used in large networks for reliability.
网络拓扑描述设备的物理或逻辑布局。星型拓扑将所有节点连接到中央交换机或集线器；一条电缆故障只影响该节点。总线拓扑使用单根主干电缆，但一处断裂会导致整个网段瘫痪。网状拓扑提供多条冗余路径，常用于大型网络以提高可靠性。
Remember: 'Star is smart' – it isolates faults. 'Bus is a burden' – a single break stops all traffic.
记忆：星型更聪明，能隔离故障；总线是负担，一断全停。
5. Internet Technologies | 互联网技术
The internet relies on a suite of protocols to move data. The Internet Protocol (IP) addresses uniquely identify devices, while the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensures packets arrive correctly and in order. Together, the TCP/IP stack is the foundation of internet communication.
互联网依赖一系列协议来传输数据。网际协议 (IP) 地址唯一标识设备，而传输控制协议 (TCP) 确保数据包正确有序到达。TCP/IP 协议栈共同构成互联网通信的基础。
Domain Name System (DNS) translates human‑friendly names (like aleveler.com) into IP addresses. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to request and deliver web pages; the secure version, HTTPS, encrypts the data using SSL/TLS. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the full address that includes protocol, domain, and path.
域名系统 (DNS) 将人类可读的名称（如 aleveler.com）转换为 IP 地址。超文本传输协议 (HTTP) 用于请求和传递网页；安全版本 HTTPS 使用 SSL/TLS 加密数据。统一资源定位符 (URL) 是包含协议、域名和路径的完整地址。
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) structures web content using tags, while CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) controls layout and appearance. JavaScript adds interactivity.
HTML（超文本标记语言）用标签构建网页内容，CSS（层叠样式表）控制布局和外观，JavaScript 添加交互性。
| IP | Internet Protocol | 网际协议 |
| TCP | Transmission Control Protocol | 传输控制协议 |
| DNS | Domain Name System | 域名系统 |
| HTTP / HTTPS | HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure) | 超文本传输协议（安全） |
| URL | Uniform Resource Locator | 统一资源定位符 |
6. Cybersecurity Threats | 网络安全威胁
Malware is malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access. A virus attaches itself to legitimate files and spreads when those files are shared. Worms replicate without needing a host file, exploiting network vulnerabilities. Trojan horses disguise themselves as useful programs but carry a hidden payload.
恶意软件 (malware) 旨在破坏系统或获取未经授权的访问。病毒附在合法文件上，共享文件时传播。蠕虫无需宿主文件即可自我复制，利用网络漏洞。特洛伊木马伪装成有用的程序，但携带着隐藏的有害载荷。
Phishing uses fake emails or websites to trick users into revealing passwords or banking details. Social engineering manipulates human psychology rather than technical weaknesses. A brute‑force attack systematically tries all possible passwords until the correct one is found. A denial‑of‑service (DoS) attack overloads a server with traffic to make it unavailable.
网络钓鱼用虚假电子邮件或网站诱骗用户泄露密码或银行信息。社会工程学操纵人的心理而非技术漏洞。暴力攻击系统性地尝试所有可能的密码直到猜中。拒绝服务攻击 (DoS) 用流量淹没服务器使其无法提供服务。
Encryption scrambles plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key. Symmetric encryption uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt; asymmetric encryption uses a public/private key pair. A firewall monitors traffic and blocks suspicious connections.
加密使用算法和密钥将明文打乱成密文。对称加密使用同一把密钥加解密；非对称加密使用公钥/私钥对。防火墙监控流量并阻止可疑连接。
Think of phishing as 'fishing' for personal data – both words sound similar!
把 phishing 想象成钓鱼，正好发音相似！
7. Databases | 数据库
A database is an organised collection of data. A table holds records (rows) and fields (columns). Each field has a data type (text, integer, date, etc.). The primary key uniquely identifies each record; a foreign key links tables together.
数据库是有组织的数据集合。表包含记录（行）和字段（列）。每个字段有数据类型（文本、整数、日期等）。主键唯一标识每条记录；外键将表关联起来。
SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to query and manipulate databases. Common commands: SELECT retrieves data, FROM specifies the table, WHERE filters records, ORDER BY sorts, INSERT adds new records, UPDATE modifies existing data, and DELETE removes records.
SQL（结构化查询语言）用于查询和操作数据库。常用命令：SELECT 检索数据，FROM 指定表，WHERE 过滤记录，ORDER BY 排序，INSERT 添加新记录，UPDATE 修改已有数据，DELETE 删除记录。
Normalisation reduces data redundancy by splitting data into related tables. A flat‑file database stores all data in a single table, simple but often inefficient for large datasets.
规范化通过将数据拆分成相关表来减少冗余。平面文件数据库将所有数据存储在单个表中，简单但面对大数据集时往往低效。
Key terms: table, record, field, primary key, foreign key, SQL, normalisation, flat‑file.
关键术语：表、记录、字段、主键、外键、SQL、规范化、平面文件。
8. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
A variable is a named storage location that holds a value which can change during execution. A constant holds a value that cannot be modified after it is set. Data types define the kind of data stored: integer, real/float, Boolean (true/false), character, and string.
变量是一个命名的存储位置，存放可在程序执行期间改变的值。常量存放一经设定就无法修改的值。数据类型定义所存储数据的种类：整型、实型/浮点型、布尔型（真/假）、字符型和字符串型。
Sequence, selection, and iteration are the three building blocks of structured programming. Selection uses IF…THEN…ELSE statements to make decisions. Iteration repeats code; count‑controlled loops (FOR…NEXT) run a set number of times, while condition‑controlled loops (WHILE…DO, REPEAT…UNTIL) run as long as a condition is true.
顺序、选择和循环是结构化编程的三大构建块。选择用 IF…THEN…ELSE 语句做决策。循环重复执行代码；计数循环 (FOR…NEXT) 运行固定次数，条件循环 (WHILE…DO, REPEAT…UNTIL) 在条件为真时持续执行。
An array is a collection of elements of the same data type, accessed by index. A subroutine is a named block of code that performs a specific task; functions return a value, procedures do not. Parameters pass data into a subroutine.
数组是相同数据类型的元素集合，通过索引访问。子程序是执行特定任务的命名代码块；函数返回值，过程不返回值。参数将数据传入子程序。
Mnemonic: Sequence, Selection, Iteration – 'SSI' – like a sandwich, but with two slices of code and a decision in the middle!
记忆：顺序、选择、循环——简称 SSI，想象成一个三明治，代码夹着决策。
9. Algorithms and Logic | 算法与逻辑
An algorithm is a step‑by‑step procedure to solve a problem. It must be clear, finite, and effective. Algorithms are often expressed as flowcharts (using standard symbols: oval for start/end, rectangle for process, diamond for decision, parallelogram for input/output) or as pseudocode (a simplified, structured English‑like notation).
算法是解决问题的分步操作步骤。它必须清晰、有限且有效。算法常用流程图（使用标准符号：椭圆形起止符、矩形处理框、菱形判断框、平行四边形输入/输出）或伪代码（简化的、结构化的类英语记法）表达。
Searching algorithms: Linear search checks each element in turn, simple but slow for large datasets. Binary search repeatedly divides a sorted list in half, much faster. Sorting algorithms: Bubble sort passes through the list swapping adjacent out‑of‑order elements; it is simple but inefficient for large data. Insertion sort builds a sorted list one item at a time.
查找算法：线性查找逐一检查每个元素，简单但大数据集下较慢。二分查找反复将有序列表对半分，快得多。排序算法：冒泡排序遍历列表交换相邻乱序元素，简单但大数据下效率低。插入排序每次将一个元素插入已排序部分。
Logic gates perform basic Boolean operations. AND outputs true only if all inputs are true. OR outputs true if at least one input is true. NOT inverts the input. NAND is AND followed by NOT; NOR is OR followed by NOT. Truth tables list all possible input/output combinations.
逻辑门执行基本布尔运算。与门 (AND) 仅在所有输入为真时输出真。或门 (OR) 只要至少一个输入为真就输出真。非门 (NOT) 取反。与非门 (NAND) 是与接非；或非门 (NOR) 是或接非。真值表列出所有可能的输入输出组合。
Visual tip: Draw truth tables for AND, OR, NOT – the patterns make them easy to remember. AND looks picky (all must be 1), OR is generous (any 1 gives 1).
可视化提示：画出 AND、OR、NOT 的真值表——规律让记忆更容易。AND 很挑剔（全 1 才 1），OR 很大方（有 1 就 1）。
10. System Life Cycle | 系统开发生命周期
The system life cycle guides the development of an information system through distinct phases: Analysis (study the existing system, identify requirements), Design (plan the new system, create data structures, user interface, and algorithms), Implementation (coding and building the system), Testing (checking with normal, abnormal, and boundary data), and Evaluation (assessing against the original requirements).
系统生命周期指导信息系统的开发，分为清晰阶段：分析（研究现有系统，确定需求）、设计（规划新系统，创建数据结构、用户界面和算法）、实施（编写代码并构建系统）、测试（用正常、异常和边界数据进行检验）和评估（对照原始需求进行评估）。
Different development methodologies exist. The waterfall model follows a linear, sequential approach where each phase must be completed before the next begins. Iterative/agile methods cycle through small increments with frequent user feedback, allowing changes early on.
存在不同的开发方法。瀑布模型遵循线性顺序方式，每个阶段必须在前一阶段完成后才开始。迭代/敏捷方法以小的增量循环，频繁获取用户反馈，允许早期变更。
Maintenance follows deployment; it fixes bugs (corrective), adapts to new environments (adaptive), or improves performance (perfective).
部署后是维护阶段：修复缺陷（纠正性维护）、适应新环境（适应性维护）或提升性能（完善性维护）。
Remember the mnemonic: "All Designers Implement Testing Early" – Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Evaluation.
记忆口诀：“All Designers Implement Testing Early”——Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Evaluation。
11. Human‑Computer Interaction (HCI) | 人机交互 (HCI)
HCI studies how people interact with computers to design usable and accessible interfaces. Usability means a system is easy to learn, efficient to use, and pleasant. Accessibility ensures people with disabilities (e.g. visual, motor, hearing) can use the system effectively, often through assistive technologies like screen readers, voice recognition, or alternative input devices.
人机交互研究人与计算机的交互方式，以设计出可用且可访问的界面。可用性指系统易学、使用高效且令人愉快。可访问性确保残障人士（如视觉、运动、听觉障碍）能有效使用系统，通常借助屏幕阅读器、语音识别或替代输入设备等辅助技术。
Good interface design principles include consistency (similar actions look the same across the system), feedback (the system responds to user actions, e.g. a click sound or progress bar), clear navigation, and error prevention/recovery. Colour contrast and font size also affect readability.
良好的界面设计原则包括一致性（系统内相似操作外观一致）、反馈（系统响应用户操作，如点击音效或进度条）、清晰的导航和错误预防/恢复。颜色对比度和字体大小也影响可读性。
Key HCI terms: user interface (UI), graphical user interface (GUI), command line interface (CLI), usability, accessibility, assistive technology, heuristic evaluation.
关键 HCI 术语：用户界面 (UI)、图形用户界面 (GUI)、命令行界面 (CLI)、可用性、可访问性、辅助技术、启发式评估。
12. Memory Boost Strategies for Terminology | 术语记忆提升策略
Use acronyms and silly sentences to chain terms together. For the system life cycle, "A DELICIOUS Elephant" can stand for Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Evaluation – add a vivid image of a delicious elephant to anchor the list in your mind.
使用首字母缩略词和荒诞句子把术语串起来。对于系统生命周期，“A DELICIOUS Elephant” 可代表 Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Evaluation——想象一头美味的象，把列表锚定在脑中。
lingual flashcards: write the English term on one side, the Chinese translation plus a one‑word memory hint on the other. For example, "Volatile – 易失性 (volcano erupts → data disappears)". The emotional punch of a strange story strengthens recall.
制作双语抽认卡：一面写英文术语，另一面写中文翻译加一个单词记忆提示。例如 "Volatile – 易失性（火山爆发→数据消失）"。离奇故事带来的情绪冲击能强化记忆。
Draw concept maps linking related terms. Place 'CPU' in the centre, then branch out to ALU, CU, registers, clock speed, cores. Use colours and small doodles. Mapping forces your brain to organise information logically.
绘制概念图将相关术语连接起来。将 'CPU' 放在中心，然后分支到 ALU、CU、寄存器、时钟速度、内核。运用色彩和小涂鸦。绘制概念图迫使大脑逻辑性地组织信息。
Practice retrieval actively. After studying a section, close your notes and write down every term you remember in both English and Chinese. Then check for gaps. Spaced repetition – reviewing at increasing intervals – cements terms into long‑term memory.
主动练习提取。学完一节后，合上笔记，用中英双语写下记住的所有术语，然后查缺补漏。间隔重复——按递增间隔复习——将术语固化为长期记忆。
Finally, teach someone else. Explaining what 'hexadecimal' means to a friend, out loud and in your own words, reveals whether you truly understand it. Language switching between English and Chinese doubles the neural pathways.
最后，尝试教别人。向朋友大声用自己的话解释“十六进制”的含义，能暴露出你是否真正理解。中英文的语言切换能加倍神经通路的建立。
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