📚 Year 11 Cambridge Psychology: Key Terms Revision Guide | 剑桥11年级心理学：核心术语速记指南
Welcome to the Year 11 Cambridge Psychology Key Terms Revision Guide. Mastering subject-specific vocabulary is one of the most reliable ways to boost your exam performance. This bilingual glossary brings together essential terms from across the Cambridge IGCSE Psychology syllabus. Each entry is first explained in clear English and then followed by an equivalent Chinese definition, allowing you to check understanding, build quick recall, and deepen conceptual links. Use this guide alongside your class notes for active revision.
欢迎使用剑桥11年级心理学核心术语速记指南。掌握学科专业词汇是提高考试成绩最可靠的方法之一。这份双语词汇表汇集了剑桥IGCSE心理学课程中的关键术语，每个条目先用清晰的英文释义，再配以对应的中文解释，帮助你在检查理解、快速回忆和深化概念联系的同时，进行高效复习。建议结合课堂笔记进行主动记忆。
1. Research Methods | 研究方法术语
Independent Variable (IV) – The variable that the researcher deliberately manipulates or changes to see whether it has an effect on the dependent variable. In an experiment there are always at least two conditions (levels) of the IV.
自变量 (IV) – 研究者有意识地操纵或改变的变量，目的是观察它是否对因变量产生影响。在一个实验中，自变量至少有两个水平（条件）。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The variable that is measured in an experiment. The DV is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.
因变量 (DV) – 实验中被测量的变量。因变量预计会随着自变量的操控而发生改变。
Hypothesis – A precise, testable statement predicting the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. A hypothesis can be directional (one‑tailed) or non‑directional (two‑tailed).
假设 – 一个精确、可检验的陈述，用以预测自变量与因变量之间的关系。假设可以是方向性的（单尾）或非方向性的（双尾）。
2. Memory | 记忆术语
Encoding – The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. Information can be encoded visually (as an image), acoustically (as a sound) or semantically (by its meaning).
编码 – 将感觉输入转换成可以储存在记忆中的形式的过程。信息可以通过视觉（图像）、听觉（声音）或语义（意义）等方式进行编码。
Short‑Term Memory (STM) – store with very limited capacity (about 7±2 items) and limited duration (approximately 18–30 seconds) unless information is rehearsed. STM mainly encodes information acoustically.
短时记忆 (STM) – 一个临时记忆储存系统，容量非常有限（约7±2个项目），持续时间也有限（大约18–30秒），除非信息被复述。短时记忆主要以听觉方式编码。
Long‑Term Memory (LTM) – A memory store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. LTM typically encodes information semantically, meaning material is stored according to its meaning.
长时记忆 (LTM) – 一个容量和持续时间理论上无限大的记忆储存系统。长时记忆通常以语义方式编码，即材料根据其意义进行储存。
3. Perception | 感知术语
Sensation – The process by which sensory receptors detect raw physical energy from the environment (such as light waves or sound waves) and transmit that information to the brain. Sensation is about detection, not interpretation.
感觉 – 感觉感受器检测环境中原始物理能量（如光波或声波）并将信息传递到大脑的过程。感觉只涉及检测，不涉及解读。
Bottom‑Up Processing – A type of perception that begins with raw sensory data and builds up to a complete percept. The brain constructs meaning purely from the incoming sensory information, without using prior knowledge.
自下而上加工 – 一种从原始的感官数据开始，逐步构建完整知觉的感知方式。大脑仅依据传入的感觉信息建构意义，不使用已有知识。
Top‑Down Processing – Perception that is heavily influenced by prior knowledge, expectations and context. The brain uses existing schemas to interpret incoming sensory information quickly.
自上而下加工 – 受到先前知识、预期和情境强烈影响的感知方式。大脑利用已有的图式快速解释传入的感觉信息。
4. Development | 发展心理学术语
Attachment – A strong, long‑lasting emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver. This bond encourages proximity and provides a secure base from which the child can explore the world.
依恋 – 婴儿与主要照顾者之间形成的一种强烈、持久的情感联结。这种联结促使婴儿靠近照顾者，并为孩子探索世界提供安全基地。
Secure Attachment – A type of attachment characterised by distress when the caregiver leaves and joy upon reunion. Securely attached children use the caregiver as a safe base for exploration and tend to be confident and resilient.
安全型依恋 – 一种依恋类型，特征是照顾者离开时表现出苦恼，重聚时表现出喜悦。安全型依恋的儿童将照顾者作为探索的安全基地，通常较为自信和具有韧性。
Insecure‑Avoidant Attachment – An attachment pattern in which the infant shows little distress when the caregiver leaves and avoids contact upon return. These children often appear independent but may be suppressing emotional needs.
不安全-回避型依恋 – 一种依恋模式，婴儿在照顾者离开时几乎不表现出苦恼，在照顾者回来时回避接触。这类儿童常看似独立，但可能是在压抑情感需求。
5. Social Influence | 社会影响术语
Conformity – A change in a person's behaviour or beliefs as a result of real or imagined group pressure. Conformity often occurs even when the group's opinion conflicts with the individual's own judgement.
从众 – 由于真实的或想象的群体压力，个体的行为或信念发生改变。即使群体意见与个人判断冲突，从众现象也经常发生。
Obedience – Following a direct order or command from an authority figure, even if the order goes against an individual's personal moral code. Obedience involves a clear power difference.
服从 – 服从权威人物的直接命令，即使该命令违背个人的道德准则。服从涉及明确的权力差异。
Normative Social Influence – A reason for conformity based on the desire to be liked, accepted or approved by a group. The individual conforms to avoid rejection or social disapproval.
规范性社会影响 – 一种从众原因，源于渴望被群体喜欢、接受或认可。个体为了免受排斥或社会否定而选择从众。
6. Biological Psychology | 生物心理学术语
Neuron – A specialised nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system. Neurons are the basic building blocks of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
神经元 – 一种特化的神经细胞，在整个神经系统中传递电信号和化学信号。神经元是大脑、脊髓和周围神经的基本组成单位。
Synapse – The tiny gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of the next. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse to carry the signal across the gap.
突触 – 一个神经元末梢与下一个神经元树突之间的微小间隙。神经递质被释放到突触中，将信号传递过间隙。
Neurotransmitter – A chemical messenger that travels across a synapse from one neuron to another, binding to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. Examples include serotonin, dopamine and acetylcholine.
神经递质 – 一种化学信使，从突触前神经元释放，穿过突触，与后一个神经元上的受体位点结合。例子包括血清素、多巴胺和乙酰胆碱。
7. Psychological Problems | 心理问题术语
Abnormality – Behaviour or thinking that deviates from what is considered typical or desirable in a society. Psychologists use several definitions, such as statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, and failure to function adequately.
异常 – 偏离社会通常或普遍认可标准的行为或思维。心理学家使用多种定义，如统计稀有性、偏离社会规范以及功能受损等。
Specific Phobia – An intense, irrational fear of a particular object or situation that is disproportionate to the actual danger posed. The fear leads to significant distress and avoidance behaviour.
特定恐惧症 – 对特定物体或情境的强烈、非理性的恐惧，与实际危险程度不成比例。这种恐惧会导致明显的痛苦和回避行为。
Depression – A mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and a range of cognitive and physical symptoms, such as fatigue and difficulty concentrating.
抑郁症 – 一种心境障碍，特征为持续的情绪低落、对活动失去兴趣或乐趣，以及一系列认知和躯体症状，如疲劳和注意力难以集中。
8. Sleep and Dreams | 睡眠与梦境术语
REM Sleep – Rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep during which the brain is highly active, dreaming is most vivid, and the body experiences temporary muscle paralysis. REM sleep is important for memory consolidation.
快速眼动睡眠 (REM) – 快速眼动睡眠阶段，此时大脑高度活跃，梦境最为生动，身体经历暂时的肌肉麻痹。REM睡眠对记忆巩固很重要。
Circadian Rhythm – A roughly 24‑hour biological cycle that regulates sleep‑wake patterns and other physiological processes. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) acts as the body's master clock.
昼夜节律 – 约24小时的生物周期，调节睡眠-觉醒模式和其他生理过程。视交叉上核(SCN)充当身体的主时钟。
Insomnia – A sleep disorder involving persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early. Insomnia can be acute (short‑term) or chronic and is often linked to stress or poor sleep habits.
失眠症 – 一种睡眠障碍，表现为持续难以入睡、难以维持睡眠或过早醒来。失眠可以是急性的（短期）或慢性的，常与压力或不良睡眠习惯有关。
9. Language, Thought and Communication | 语言、思维与沟通术语
Language – A structured system of symbols and rules that allows humans to express meaning, share ideas, and communicate. Language is composed of units such as phonemes, morphemes and grammar.
语言 – 由符号和规则构成的结构化系统，使人类能够表达意义、交流思想和进行沟通。语言由音素、词素和语法等单元组成。
Phoneme – The smallest unit of sound in a language that can change meaning. For example, changing the initial phoneme in 'bat' to the phoneme in 'cat' alters the word completely.
音素 – 一种语言中能够区分意义的最小声音单位。例如，把‘bat’的首音素换成‘cat’的首音素，整个词义就改变了。
Morpheme – The smallest unit of meaning in a language. A morpheme can be a whole word (e.g., 'dog') or a part of a word (e.g., the prefix 'un‑' or the suffix '‑ed').
词素 – 一种语言中承载意义的最小单位。词素可以是一个完整的词（如‘dog’），也可以是词的一部分（如前缀‘un-’或后缀‘-ed’）。
10. Health and Wellbeing | 健康与幸福感术语
Stress – A state of physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stressors that are perceived as challenging or threatening. The stress response can be short‑term or long‑term.
压力 – 由被感知为具有挑战性或威胁性的内部或外部压力源引起的生理和心理唤醒状态。压力反应可以是短期的或长期的。
Eustress – A positive form of stress that can improve performance, motivation and well‑being. Eustress occurs when an individual feels challenged but believes they have the resources to cope.
积极压力 – 一种积极的压力形式，能够提升表现、动机和幸福感。当个体感到面临挑战但相信自己有足够的资源应对时，就会产生积极压力。
Distress – A negative form of stress that can lead to anxiety, decreased performance and health problems. Distress arises when the demands placed on a person exceed their perceived ability to cope.
消极压力 – 一种消极的压力形式，可能导致焦虑、表现下降和健康问题。当对个人的要求超出其所感知的应对能力时，就会产生消极压力。
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