📚 Year 12 WJEC Politics: Key Terminology & Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 12 WJEC 政治：核心术语速记指南
Mastering political terminology is the first step to excelling in your WJEC Year 12 Politics exams. This guide provides clear definitions paired with memorable hooks to help you rapidly recall key terms for topics ranging from democracy to devolution.
掌握政治术语是在 WJEC 高中一年级政治考试中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南提供清晰的定义，并配合令人难忘的记忆妙招，帮助你快速回忆从民主到权力下放等各个主题的关键术语。
1. Democracy & Legitimacy | 民主与合法性
Direct Democracy – A system where citizens vote on laws and policies themselves, without representatives. Ancient Athens and modern referendums are examples. Memory hack: Think 'direct action' — no middleman.
直接民主 – 一种公民直接对法律和政策进行投票而不通过代表中介的民主形式。古希腊雅典和现代全民公投就是例子。速记："直达车"，没有中间站。
Representative Democracy – Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. This is the form of democracy practised in the UK. Memory hack: 'Represent' means they stand in for you.
代议制民主 – 公民选举代表代替他们作出决策，英国采用的就是这种民主形式。速记："代表"就是替你发言。
Legitimacy – The rightful authority of a government, derived from consent of the governed, usually through free and fair elections. Memory hack: 'Legit' = lawful and accepted, like a legitimate goal.
合法性 – 政府的正当权威，来自被统治者的同意，通常通过自由公正的选举获得。速记："合法"二字直点核心，"合"乎法理。
2. Electoral Systems | 选举制度
First Past the Post (FPTP) – The candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins; no majority is required. It is used for UK general elections and can produce strong, single-party governments. Memory hack: Picture a horse race — the first to pass the post wins, even if it's not by a landslide.
简单多数制 (FPTP) – 各选区得票最多的候选人胜出，无需过半数。用于英国大选，容易产生单一政党强势政府。速记：赛马冲线，第一个过杆就是冠军。
Additional Member System (AMS) – A hybrid system combining FPTP constituencies with regional party lists to make the final result more proportional. It is used for elections to the Welsh Senedd and the Scottish Parliament. Memory hack: AMS 'adds members' to boost fairness.
附加成员制 (AMS) – 混合选举制度，将单选区简单多数与政党比例名单相结合，使结果更具比例性。用于威尔士议会和苏格兰议会选举。速记：AMS 就是"加成员"，让票数更公平。
Proportional Representation (PR) – An electoral system that allocates seats in rough proportion to the votes each party receives. PR systems generally lead to coalition governments. Memory hack: PR = Proportionate Result.
比例代表制 (PR) – 按各政党得票比例分配席位的选举制度，通常导致联合政府。速记：PR，票票比例到位。
3. Political Parties & Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
Political Party – An organised group that seeks to gain political power by winning elections, with a shared set of policy goals. Memory hack: A 'party' that wants to govern, not just celebrate.
政党 – 以赢取选举获得政权为目标、拥有共同政策观的组织。速记：党派志在执政，不只为开派对。
Manifesto – A public declaration of policy intentions issued by a party before an election. If the party wins, it claims a mandate to carry out these pledges. Memory hack: From Latin 'manifestus' meaning clear — it makes intentions visible.
竞选宣言 – 政党在大选前发布的政策意图公开声明。若获胜，即声称获得执行这些承诺的民意授权。速记："明"明白白展示目标。
Left–Right Spectrum – A way of classifying political positions, where the left generally favours equality, state intervention and social welfare, while the right emphasises individual liberty, free markets and traditional values. Memory hack: Imagine a line; in the UK Labour sits left, Conservatives right.
左–右光谱 – 划分政治立场的方式，左翼倾向平等、国家干预和社会福利，右翼侧重个人自由、自由市场和传统价值。速记：一条光谱，工党靠左，保守党偏右。
4. Voting Behaviour & Participation | 投票行为与参与
Suffrage – The right to vote in political elections. The term is often linked with movements to extend the franchise, such as women's suffrage. Memory hack: Historically, to 'suffer' meant to allow — the franchise was 'allowed' to more people over time.
选举权 – 在政治选举中投票的权利。该词常与扩大选举权运动相连，如妇女选举权运动。速记：从历史"特许"到普选权利。
Voter Turnout – The percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election. Low turnout can indicate political disengagement. Memory hack: 'Turn out' of your house and head to the polling station.
投票率 – 合格选民中实际投票的百分比。低投票率可能反映政治疏离。速记：走出家门，"出动"投票。
Class Dealignment – The weakening of the traditional link between a person's social class and which party they support
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