📚 Year 11 Cambridge Physics: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | Year 11 剑桥物理核心术语速记指南
Mastering physics vocabulary is crucial for Cambridge IGCSE and equivalent Year 11 examinations. This guide combines effective memorisation strategies with carefully grouped terminology to help you recall definitions instantly and apply them with confidence in exam questions.
掌握物理术语对剑桥IGCSE及同等Year 11考试至关重要。本指南将高效的记忆方法与分类术语相结合，帮助你即时回忆定义，并自信运用在考试题中。
1. Kinematics Vocabulary | 运动学术语
Displacement is the distance moved in a straight line together with the direction. Think of 'dis-' as separating from the path and only caring about the straight-line start-to-finish vector.
位移是沿直线移动的距离加上方向。联想 'dis-' 为抛开路径，只关心起点到终点的直线矢量。
Speed is a scalar (only magnitude), while velocity is speed with direction. Imagine velocity as 'speed with a vector arrow' that cannot be ignored.
速率是标量（只有大小），而速度是带有方向的速率。把速度想象成'带矢量箭头的速率'，方向不可忽略。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down, sometimes called deceleration). The defining equation: a = (v - u) / t.
加速度是速度的变化率。可正（加速）可负（减速，有时称减速度）。定义式：a = (v - u) / t。
Uniform acceleration means constant acceleration, such as free fall near Earth's surface where g = 9.8 m/s². Recall 'g' stands for gravity.
匀加速度指恒定的加速度，如地表附近的自由落体 g = 9.8 m/s²。记住 'g' 代表引力。
Scalar quantities have magnitude only (e.g., mass, temperature, speed). Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction (e.g., force, velocity, displacement). A quick mnemonic: 'Scalar = Simple number; Vector = Vivid direction'.
标量只有大小（如质量、温度、速率）。矢量既有大小又有方向（如力、速度、位移）。速记口诀：'Scalar 单纯数，Vector 见方向'。
2. Dynamics and Forces | 动力学与力
Force is a push or a pull that can change an object's motion. Its SI unit is the newton (N). Remember: 1 N is the force needed to give a 1 kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s².
力是能改变物体运动的推或拉。其国际单位是牛顿 (N)。记住：1 N 是使 1 kg 质量产生 1 m/s² 加速度所需的力。
Weight is the gravitational force on an object: W = m g. Weight changes with location, but mass remains constant. Think of weight as what a weighing scale reads; mass is the 'amount of matter'.
重力是作用在物体上的引力：W = m g。重力随地点变化，但质量恒定。把重力想象成秤的读数；质量则是'物质的多少'。
Newton's First Law: an object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force. Mnemonic: 'Lazy objects – they resist change.'
牛顿第一定律：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动，除非受到合外力作用。助记：'物体很懒——抗拒变化。'
Newton's Second Law: F = m a, where F is the resultant force. This links net force to acceleration. Visualise a shopping trolley: harder push means faster acceleration, heavier trolley means slower acceleration.
牛顿第二定律：F = m a，其中 F 为合力。这联系了合外力与加速度。想象购物车：推得越猛加速越快，车越重加速越慢。
Newton's Third Law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The two forces act on different objects. Think of a rocket expelling gas: the gas pushes back on the rocket.
牛顿第三定律：每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，且分别作用在不同物体上。联想火箭喷气：气体向后推，火箭向前进。
Inertia f an is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion. Inertia depends on mass. Memory aid: 'Inertia = In-resistance-to-motion'.
惯性是物体抵抗运动状态变化的属性。惯性取决于质量。记忆技巧：'Inertia = 内在抗拒改变性'。
Momentum (p) is mass times velocity: p = m v. It is a vector. The principle of conservation of momentum underpins collisions and explosions.
动量 (p) 为质量乘以速度：p = m v，是矢量。动量守恒原理是碰撞与爆炸分析的基础。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Energy is the capacity to do work. Measured in joules (J). Key principle: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.
能量是做功的本领，单位焦耳 (J)。关键原则：能量不会凭空产生或消失，只能转移或转化。
Kinetic energy (Eₖ) is energy due to motion: Eₖ = ½ m v². The ½ is easy to forget—remember it takes half of the product.
动能 (Eₖ)是因运动而具有的能量：Eₖ = ½ m v²。½ 容易被遗忘——记住它是乘积的一半。
Gravitational potential energy (Eₚ) depends on height: Eₚ = m g h. Visualise lifting a book onto a shelf: the work done becomes stored Eₚ.
重力势能 (Eₚ)取决于高度：Eₚ = m g h。想象把书举到书架：你做的功转化为储存的 Eₚ。
Work done (W) is force × distance moved in the direction of the force: W = F d. When the force is perpendicular to motion, no work is done. Memory: 'Work if force helps movement.'
做功 (W) 等于力 × 沿力方向移动的距离：W = F d。若力与运动垂直，则不做功。助记：'力助运动即做功。'
Power (P) is the rate of doing work or transferring energy: P = W / t or P = E / t. Unit is the watt (W). One watt is one joule per second.
功率 (P) 是做功或能量转换的速率：P = W / t 或 P = E / t。单位瓦特 (W)。一瓦等于每秒一焦耳。
Efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) × 100%. No machine is 100% efficient; some energy is always wasted as heat.
效率 = (有用能量输出 / 总能量输入) × 100%。没有机器是100%高效的，总有一部分能量以热的形式浪费。
4. Thermal Physics Terms | 热物理术语
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. It is not the same as heat. Measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or kelvin (K). Absolute zero (0 K) is -273 °C.
温度衡量粒子平均动能，不等同于热量。单位为摄氏度 (°C) 或开尔文 (K)。绝对零度 (0 K) 等于 -273 °C。
Heat is thermal energy transferred from a hotter object to a colder one. Heat flows spontaneously only from hot to cold. Think of a cup of tea cooling down.
热量是从高温物体传向低温物体的热能。热量自发地只从高温流向低温。想象一杯茶逐渐变凉。
Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all particles in a substance. When a substance melts, its temperature stays constant but internal energy increases.
内能是物质内所有粒子动能和势能的总和。物质熔化时温度保持不变，但内能增加。
Specific heat capacity (c) is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. Equation: Q = m c Δθ. Water has a high c, so it heats and cools slowly.
比热容 (c) 是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量。等式：Q = m c Δθ。水的比热容大，因此升温和降温都慢。
Specific latent heat (L) is the energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without temperature change: Q = m L. Latent heat of fusion (solid-liquid) and vaporisation (liquid-gas) have different values.
比潜热 (L) 是使 1 kg 物质在温度不变时改变状态所需的能量：Q = m L。熔化潜热（固-液）与汽化潜热（液-气）数值不同。
5. Wave Properties | 波动性质
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest position. It links to the energy of a wave: larger amplitude carries more energy.
振幅是偏离平衡位置的最大位移。它与波的能量有关：振幅越大，能量越多。
Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs. Use the Greek letter lambda, easily remembered as the length of one complete wave cycle.
波长 (λ)是两个相邻波峰或波谷之间的距离。用希腊字母 λ 表示，可以记作一个完整波周期的长度。
Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves passing a point per second. Unit: hertz (Hz). Higher frequency means more waves per second.
频率 (f) 是每秒通过某点的完整波数量。单位赫兹 (Hz)。频率越高，每秒波数越多。
Period (T) is the time for one complete wave: T = 1 / f. If frequency is 10 Hz, the period is 0.1 s. The reciprocal relationship is key.
周期 (T) 是一个完整波的时间：T = 1 / f。如果频率为 10 Hz，周期为 0.1 s。牢记倒数关系。
Wave speed (v) formula: v = f λ. All electromagnetic waves travel at 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. 'Very Fast Light' helps remember 'v = f λ'.
波速 (v) 公式：v = f λ。所有电磁波在真空中速度为 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s。'Very Fast Light' 助记 'v = f λ'。
Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to energy transfer (e.g., light, water ripples). Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to energy transfer (e.g., sound). Think 'Transverse = Turning up and down while moving forward'.
横波振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光、水波）。纵波振动方向与能量传递平行（如声音）。联想：'横波横着振，纵波顺着推'。
Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave when it hits a barrier. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection. Refraction is the bending of a wave as it enters a different medium due to speed change.
反射是波遇到障碍物反弹的现象，入射角等于反射角。折射是波因速度变化进入不同介质时发生的弯曲。
Diffraction is the spreading of waves around obstacles or through gaps. The effect is most noticeable when the gap size is comparable to the wavelength.
衍射是波绕过障碍物或穿过狭缝时扩散的现象。当缝隙尺寸与波长相近时，衍射最明显。
6. Electricity Essentials | 电学基础
Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A). In a metallic conductor, current is a flow of electrons. Direction: conventional current flows from positive to negative.
电流 (I) 是电荷流动的速率，单位安培 (A)。在金属导体中，电流是电子的流动。方向：约定电流由正极流向负极。
Voltage (V) or potential difference is the energy transferred per unit charge. It is the 'push' driving current in a circuit. Measured in volts (V).
电压 (V) 或电势差是每单位电荷转移的能量，是驱动电流的'推力'，单位伏特 (V)。
Resistance (R) is a measure of how much a component opposes the flow of charge. Unit: ohm (Ω). Ohm's Law: V = I R. Fix the equation by remembering 'Very Important Rule'.
电阻 (R) 衡量元件对电荷流动的阻碍程度，单位欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律：V = I R。用 'Very Important Rule' 助记这个重要公式。
Charge (Q) is measured in coulombs (C). Current and charge are linked: Q = I t. A current of 1 A transfers 1 C each second.
电荷量 (Q) 的单位是库仑 (C)。电流与电荷的关系：Q = I t。1 A 的电流每秒转移 1 C 电荷。
Series circuits have only one path for current. Current is the same everywhere; total resistance adds up: Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + .... Parallel circuits have branching paths. Voltage is the same across each branch, and total current splits.
串联电路只有一条电流路径，电流处处相等，总电阻累加：Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ...。并联电路有多条支路，各支路两端电压相等，总电流分流。
Electrical power can be calculated by P = I V and P = I² R. Think of a bright bulb: high power means more energy per second.
电功率可用 P = I V 和 P = I² R 计算。想一想明亮的灯泡：高功率意味着每秒消耗更多能量。
7. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁
Magnetic field lines go from north to south outside a magnet. They show the direction a north pole would move. Iron filings can reveal the pattern.
磁场线在磁体外从北极指向南极，显示北极受力的方向。铁屑可显示磁场形状。
An electromagnet uses a current-carrying coil (solenoid) wrapped around a soft iron core. Its strength increases with more turns, higher current, or an iron core. Mnemonic: 'Coil, Current, Core – the 3 Cs'.
电磁铁 利用绕在软铁芯上的载流线圈（螺线管）。匝数越多、电流越大、有铁芯，磁性越强。记忆口诀：'3C——线圈(Coil)、电流(Current)、铁芯(Core)'。
The motor effect occurs when a current-carrying conductor experiences a force in a magnetic field. Fleming' ft-hand rule helps: thumb = force (motion), first finger = field, second finger = current.
电动机效应是载流导体在磁场中受力的现象。弗莱明左手定则：拇指——力（运动），食指——磁场，中指——电流。
Electromagnetic induction means a voltage is induced when a wire cuts magnetic field lines. The faster the cutting, the larger the induced voltage. This is how generators work.
电磁感应指导线切割磁感线时产生电压。切割越快，感应电压越大。发电机正是利用这一原理。
8. Atomic Physics Glossary | 原子物理词汇
Atom consists of a tiny nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting in shells. Most of the atom is empty space.
原子由包含质子和中子的极小原子核及核外分层运动的电子组成。原子内部绝大部分是空的空间。
Proton number (atomic number Z) defines the element. For a neutral atom, it equals the number of electrons. Nucleon number (mass number A) is the total of protons and neutrons.
质子数（原子序数 Z）决定元素种类。中性原子中质子数等于电子数。核子数（质量数 A） 是质子与中子数之和。
Isotopes of are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have the same chemical properties but different mass numbers. Mnemonic: 'Iso=same, tope=place' – same place on the periodic table.
同位素是同一元素中中子数不同的原子。化学性质相同但质量数不同。词根记忆：'Iso-相同，-tope位置'——周期表中同一位置。
Radioactive decay is the spontaneous emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus. Three types: alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ). Alpha is a helium nucleus, beta is a fast electron, gamma is an electromagnetic wave.
放射性衰变是不稳定原子核自发释放辐射的过程。分为 α、β、γ 三种。α 是氦核，β
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