📚 Year 11 Cambridge IGCSE Physics: Full Syllabus Breakdown | Year 11 Cambridge IGCSE 物理：课程大纲全面解析
Year 11 is the decisive stage of the Cambridge IGCSE Physics course (0625). At this point, students must consolidate all the knowledge they have built since Year 10, sharpen their practical understanding, and prepare strategically for the final examinations. This guide provides a complete breakdown of the syllabus, covering every core topic, essential equations, practical skills, and exam tips. Whether you are aiming for a top grade in the Extended tier or securing a strong foundation in Core, this article will serve as your roadmap to success in IGCSE Physics.
Year 11 是剑桥 IGCSE 物理 (0625) 课程的决胜阶段。此时，学生必须巩固自 Year 10 以来积累的全部知识，加深对实验操作的理解，并有策略地为最终考试做准备。本指南对教学大纲进行了全面拆解，涵盖每一个核心主题、必考公式、实验技能以及应试技巧。无论你的目标是 Extended 层级的高分，还是打好 Core 层级的坚实基础，本文都将成为你 IGCSE 物理成功的路线图。
1. Syllabus Structure & Assessment Format | 课程大纲结构与考试格式
The Cambridge IGCSE Physics syllabus is designed to develop a deep understanding of physical principles. It is offered at two levels: Core (grades C–G) and Extended (grades A*–C). Most Year 11 students follow the Extended route, which adds more challenging content such as momentum, thermal gas laws, and electromagnetic induction. The final assessment consists of three papers chosen from a set of options.
剑桥 IGCSE 物理课程大纲旨在培养学生对物理原理的深刻理解。课程分为两个层级：Core（成绩 C–G）和 Extended（A*–C）。大多数 Year 11 学生选择 Extended 路线，这会增加更具挑战的内容，如动量、热学气体定律和电磁感应。最终评估由从一组选项中选出的三张试卷组成。
| Component | Core Candidates | Extended Candidates | Weighting |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Choice | Paper 1 (45 min, 40 marks) | Paper 2 (45 min, 40 marks) | 30% |
| Theory (Structured) | Paper 3 (1 h 15 min, 80 marks) | Paper 4 (1 h 15 min, 80 marks) | 50% |
| Practical | Paper 5 (1 h 15 min) or Paper 6 (1 h) | Paper 5 (1 h 15 min) or Paper 6 (1 h) | 20% |
Paper 5 is a practical test conducted in a laboratory, while Paper 6 is a written alternative to practical paper. Most international schools opt for Paper 6. The questions assess knowledge with understanding, handling information and problem solving, and experimental skills.
Paper 5 是在实验室进行的动手操作考试，Paper 6 则是笔试形式的实验替代卷。大部分国际学校选择 Paper 6。试题考查学生对知识的理解、信息处理与问题解决能力，以及实验技能。
2. Motion | 运动
oth speed and direction. The average speed can be calculated using the equation v = s / t.
速率定义为单位时间内通过的距离。它是一个标量，而速度是矢量，既包含大小又包含方向。平均速率可用公式 v = s / t 计算。
v = s / t
here u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity, and t is the time taken. A negative acceleration indicates deceleration or retardation.
加速度是速度变化的快慢。公式为 a = (v - u) / t，其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度，t 为时间。负加速度表示减速。
a = (v - u) / t
equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², and v² = u² + 2as. Motion graphs (distance–time and velocity–time) are crucial: the gradient of a distance–time graph gives speed, while the gradient of a velocity–time graph gives acceleration and the area under it gives displacement.
对于匀加速直线运动，Extended 学生还需掌握运动方程：v = u + at，s = ut + ½at² 和 v² = u² + 2as。运动图像（距离–时间图和速度–时间图）至关重要：距离–时间图线的斜率表示速率，速度–时间图线的斜率表示加速度，其下方围成的面积代表位移。
s = ut + ½at²
Freely falling objects near the Earth's surface accelerate uniformly at approximately 9.8 m s⁻². In exam problems, air resistance is often ignored unless stated otherwise.
地球表面附近的自由落体以约 9.8 m s⁻² 的加速度匀加速下落。在考试题目中，除非特别说明，通常会忽略空气阻力。
3. Forces and Momentum | 力与动量
A force can change the shape, speed, or direction of an object. Newton' ted upon by a resultant force. The second law links force, mass and acceleration: F = m a.
力可以改变物体的形状、速度或运动方向。牛顿第一定律指出，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非受到合外力的作用。第二定律将力、质量和加速度联系起来：F = m a。
F = m a
rces always oppose motion. Resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as all forces acting together.
重量是作用在质量上的重力，由 W = m g 计算，其中 g 为引力场强度（地球上约为 10 N/kg）。摩擦力总是阻碍运动。合外力与所有作用力产生的效果相同。
sion is equal to the total momentum after the collision, in the absence of external forces. Extended candidates also study impulse as the change in momentum: Ft = Δ(mv).
动量 p 是质量与速度的乘积：p = m v。动量守恒定律：在没有外力作用时，孤立系统碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量。Extended 考生还需学习冲量作为动量的变化量：Ft = Δ(mv)。
n equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments. Hooke' a spring is directly proportional to the applied force, within the elastic limit: F = k x.
力的转动效应称为力矩，计算公式为 moment = F × d，d 为力到支点的垂直距离。物体平衡时，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。胡克定律表明，在弹性限度内，弹簧的伸长量与施加力成正比：F = k x。
4. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Energy exists in many forms: kinetic, gravitational potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear, and elastic. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.
能量以多种形式存在：动能、重力势能、热能、化学能、核能和弹性势能。能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能创造也不能消灭，只能从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。
KE = ½ m v². Gravitational potential energy GPE = m g h. Energy is measured in joules (J).
当力使物体沿力的方向移动时，就对物体做了功：W = F d。动能 KE = ½ m v²，重力势能 GPE = m g h。能量的单位是焦耳 (J)。
KE = ½ m v², GPE = m g h
ut to total energy input, often expressed as a percentage: efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%.
功率是做功或能量转移的速率：P = W / t = E / t。单位是瓦特 (W)。效率是有用输出能量与总输入能量之比，通常以百分比表示：efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%。
Energy resources are classified as renewable (solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, biomass) and non-renewable (fossil fuels, nuclear). You should be able to discuss their advantages and disadvantages, particularly their impact on the environment.
能源分为可再生能源（太阳能、风能、水能、潮汐能、地热、生物质能）和不可再生能源（化石燃料、核能）。学生应能讨论它们的优缺点，特别是对环境的影响。
5. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
Matter exists in solid, liquid and gas states. The kinetic particle model explains properties such as density, compressibility and diffusion. In solids, particles vibrate about fixed positions; in liquids, particles move past each other; in gases, particles move rapidly and randomly.
物质以固态、液态和气态存在。分子动理论模型可以解释密度、可压缩性和扩散等性质。固体中的粒子在固定位置振动；液体中粒子相互滑过；气体中粒子高速无规则运动。
Brownian motion provides evidence for the random movement of particles. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. The pressure of a gas is caused by particles colliding with the walls of the container. Absolute zero (–273 °C or 0 K) is the temperature at which particles have minimum kinetic energy.
布朗运动为微粒的无规则运动提供了证据。温度是粒子平均动能的量度。气体的压强由粒子撞击容器壁产生。绝对零度（–273 °C 或 0 K）是粒子动能最低时的温度。
mass of gas at constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume is constant (Boyle' y c: E = m c Δθ. Specific latent heat L: E = m L (use Lf for fusion, Lv for vaporisation).
对于一定质量的气体，温度不变时，压强与体积的乘积为常数（玻意耳定律）：p V = constant。物态变化在恒定温度下发生。比热容 c：E = m c Δθ；比潜热 L：E = m L（用 Lf 表示熔化潜热，Lv 表示汽化潜热）。
p V = constant, E = m c Δθ, E = m L
6. Wave Properties and Light | 波的性质与光
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (e.g., light, water ripples) have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer; longitudinal waves (e.g., sound) have oscillations parallel to it.
波在传递能量时不传递物质。横波（如光波、水波涟漪）的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直；纵波（如声波）的振动方向与能量传递方向平行。
measured in hertz (Hz). The period T is the time for one complete oscillation: T = 1 / f.
波速方程将速度 v、频率 f 和波长 λ 联系起来：v = f λ。频率以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位。周期 T 是一次完整振动所需的时间：T = 1 / f。
v = f λ, T = 1 / f
at a boundary due to a change in speed. The refractive index n is given by n = sin i / sin r, where i is the angle in air. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to a less dense medium and the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle c: sin c = 1 / n.
反射发生在波从光滑表面反弹时；入射角等于反射角。折射是波在不同介质界面因速度改变而发生的弯曲。折射率 n 由 n = sin i / sin r 给出，其中 i 为空气中的角度。当光从光密介质射向光疏介质且入射角大于临界角 c 时，会发生全内反射：sin c = 1 / n。
cal length. You are expected to draw ray diagrams and use the lens formula (Extended: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v).
会聚透镜在物体位于焦点以外时形成倒立实像，在物体位于焦距以内时形成正立虚像。学生需要会画光路图，并运用透镜公式（Extended：1/f = 1/u + 1/v）。
7. Sound and Electromagnetic Spectrum | 声与电磁波谱
Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium to travel. Its speed in air is approximately 330 m s⁻¹. The frequency range of human hearing is roughly 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. Ultrasound refers to sound with frequencies above 20 kHz, used in medical scanning and sonar.
声音是一种需要介质传播的纵波。在空气中的声速约为 330 m s⁻¹。人耳可听的频率范围大约在 20 Hz 到 20 000 Hz。超声波指频率高于 20 kHz 的声音，用于医学扫描和声纳。
g frequency (increasing wavelength): gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves. Each region has distinct properties and uses; for example, X-rays are used for medical imaging, while microwaves are used for cooking and communications.
电磁波谱是一组横波，在真空中都以光速 c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹ 传播。按频率递减（波长递增）的顺序排列为：伽马射线、X 射线、紫外线、可见光、红外线、微波、无线电波。每个波段都有独特的性质和用途；例如，X 射线用于医学成像，微波用于烹饪和通信。
8. Electricity | 电
s (A). Charge Q is measured in coulombs (C). In a metal, current is carried by moving electrons, while in an electrolyte, it is carried by ions.
电流 I 是电荷的流动速率：I = Q / t，单位为安培 (A)。电荷 Q 以库仑 (C) 为单位。在金属中，电流由自由电子携带；在电解液中，由离子携带。
V = E / Q. Resistance R is the opposition to current: R = V / I, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm' rature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it.
电压（电势差）是单位电荷转移的能量：V = E / Q。电阻 R 是对电流的阻碍作用：R = V / I，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律指出，在温度恒定时，通过导体的电流与两端电压成正比。
using P = I V, P = I² R, or P = V² / R. Electrical energy used by an appliance: E = I V t.
电阻串联：Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + ...；电阻并联：1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ... 电路中的电功率可用 P = I V、P = I² R 或 P = V² / R 计算。用电器消耗的电能：E = I V t。
P = I V, P = I² R
Safety features in domestic circuits include fuses, circuit breakers, and earthing. A fuse melts when the current exceeds its rating, preventing overheating. Double insulation and earthing protect users from electric shock.
家庭电路的安全装置包括保险丝、断路器和接地保护。保险丝在电流超过额定值时熔断，防止过热。双重绝缘和接地可以保护使用者免受电击。
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁与电磁
Permanent magnets have a north and a south pole; like poles repel, unlike poles attract. A magnetic field is a region where a magnetic force is experienced and is represented by field lines that go from north to south.
永磁体具有北极和南极；同名磁极相互排斥，异名磁极相互吸引。磁场是能感受到磁力的区域，用从北极指向南极的磁感线表示。
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