📚 Year 12 WJEC English: Rapid Recall Guide to Key Terminology | WJEC 12年级英语：核心术语速记指南
Mastering the specialist vocabulary of English language and literature study is the bedrock of top-grade analysis in your WJEC AS exams. This guide distils the essential terms—from phonemes to paragraphing, from morphemes to metaphors—into a clear, bilingual recall framework. Use it to plug knowledge gaps, sharpen your analytical metalanguage, and approach any unseen text with confidence.
掌握英语语言与文学的专业词汇是在 WJEC AS 考试中取得高分分析的基础。本指南将核心术语——从音素到段落构建，从词素到隐喻——提炼成清晰的双语记忆框架，帮你填补知识空白，磨练分析性元语言，从容面对任何陌生文本。
1. Word Classes – The Building Blocks | 词类——语言的基石
Every word in a sentence can be assigned to a particular class based on its function. Rapid identification of word classes allows you to comment on the density of descriptive detail, action, or abstraction in a text.
句子中的每个词都可以根据其功能归入某一词类。快速识别词类能让你评论文本中描述性细节、动作或抽象概念的密度。
Noun (名词): Names a person, place, thing, or idea. Concrete nouns ('table', 'river') appeal to the senses, while abstract nouns ('freedom', 'sadness') convey intangible concepts. In WJEC analysis, noticing clusters of abstract nouns can signal a philosophical or emotive tone.
名词: 命名人、地点、事物或概念。具体名词如 'table', 'river' 诉诸感官，而抽象名词如 'freedom', 'sadness' 传达无形概念。在 WJEC 分析中，抽象名词的聚集可表明哲理或情感基调。
Verb (动词): Expresses action, state, or occurrence. Dynamic verbs ('run', 'build') propel narrative energy, whereas stative verbs ('know', 'belong') express states of being or cognition. Modal auxiliary verbs ('can', 'must', 'might') qualify certainty and obligation.
动词: 表达动作、状态或发生之事。动态动词如 'run', 'build' 推动叙事能量；而状态动词如 'know', 'belong' 表达存在或认知状态。情态助动词如 'can', 'must', 'might' 限定确定性或义务。
Adjective (形容词): Modifies a noun or pronoun, adding detail. Attributive adjectives sit before the noun ('a gloomy day'), while predicative adjectives follow a linking verb ('the sky looks gloomy'). Comparative and superlative forms ('gloomier', 'gloomiest') intensify description.
形容词: 修饰名词或代词，增添细节。前置定语形容词如 'a gloomy day'，后置表语形容词如 'the sky looks gloomy'。比较级和最高级形式 'gloomier', 'gloomiest' 强化描述。
Adverb (副词): Modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, often ending in -ly, but not always ('soon', 'well'). Adverbs of manner ('gently'), time ('yesterday'), place ('here'), and degree ('very') refine meaning. Analysing their placement can reveal emphasis.
副词: 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，常以 -ly 结尾，但也有例外如 'soon', 'well'。方式副词 'gently'、时间副词 'yesterday'、地点副词 'here' 和程度副词 'very' 细化意义。分析其位置可揭示强调点。
Pronoun (代词): Replaces a noun to avoid repetition. Personal pronouns ('I', 'she', 'they'), possessive pronouns ('my', 'hers'), reflexive pronouns ('myself'), and demonstrative pronouns ('this', 'those') shape point of view and cohesion.
代词: 替代名词以避免重复。人称代词 'I', 'she', 'they'、物主代词 'my', 'hers'、反身代词 'myself' 及指示代词 'this', 'those' 影响视角与衔接。
Preposition (介词): Shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and other words, often indicating time, place, or direction ('in', 'at', 'under', 'towards'). Prepositional phrases add detail without a finite verb.
介词: 表示名词/代词与其他词之间的关系，常指时间、地点或方向，如 'in', 'at', 'under', 'towards'。介词短语增添细节而无定式动词。
Conjunction (连词): Links words, phrases, or clauses. Co-ordinating conjunctions ('and', 'but', 'or') join equal elements; subordinating conjunctions ('because', 'although', 'when') introduce dependent clauses, signalling hierarchy of ideas.
连词: 连接词、短语或从句。并列连词 'and', 'but', 'or' 连接同等成分；从属连词 'because', 'although', 'when' 引入从属从句，标示思想层级。
Determiner (限定词): Introduces a noun and clarifies reference. Articles ('a', 'an', 'the'), demonstratives ('this', 'that'), possessives ('my', 'your'), and quantifiers ('some', 'many') fall into this class. Definite vs indefinite articles subtly alter specificity.
限定词: 引出名词并明确指代。冠词 'a', 'an', 'the'、指示词 'this', 'that'、物主限定词 'my', 'your' 及数量词 'some', 'many' 均属此类。定冠词与不定冠词微妙改变特指程度。
2. Phonology and Sound Patterning | 音系与语音模式
Phonology examines the sound system of language and how sound choices create effects. Key terms help you discuss rhythm, texture, and aural imagery in both spoken and written texts.
音系学考察语言的声音系统以及语音选择如何创造效果。掌握核心术语有助于你讨论口语和书面文本中的节奏、质感及听觉意象。
Phoneme (音位): The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning (e.g., /p/ vs /b/ in 'pat' and 'bat'). Although often irrelevant in literary analysis, phonemic contrasts underpin alliteration and rhyme.
音位: 能区分意义的最小语音单位（如 'pat' 与 'bat' 中的 /p/ 与 /b/）。虽然文学分析中不常用到，但音位对立是头韵与押韵的基础。
Alliteration (头韵): Repetition of initial consonant sounds in adjacent or closely connected words ('fickle finger of fate'). It provides cohesion, emphasis, and a memorable rhythm. Sibilance is alliteration of 's', 'sh', 'z' sounds, often creating a hissing, sinister tone.
头韵: 相邻或紧密相连的单词词首辅音重复（如 'fickle finger of fate'），能增强衔接、突出强调并形成易记的节奏。咝音是 's', 'sh', 'z' 等声的头韵，常营造咝咝作响、阴险的语调。
Assonance (谐元韵/半韵): Repetition of vowel sounds within words ('deep green sea'). It can slow pace or link ideas through internal echoes. Consonance, by contrast, repeats consonant sounds in any position ('pitter-patter').
谐元韵: 单词内部元音重复（如 'deep green sea'），能放慢节奏或通过内部回响连接意涵。辅韵则重复任何位置的辅音（如 'pitter-patter'）。
Onomatopoeia (拟声): Words whose sound imitates their meaning ('buzz', 'crash', 'whisper'). It injects immediacy and sensory vividness into description.
拟声: 发音模仿其意义的词汇（如 'buzz', 'crash', 'whisper'），为描写注入现场感与感官生动性。
Rhyme (押韵): Identity of sounds between words, typically at the end of lines in poetry. Perfect rhyme ('cat'/'hat') and half-rhyme ('moon'/'moan') manipulate expectation and closure.
押韵: 词与词之间音的同一性，常见于诗行末尾。全韵（如 'cat'/'hat'）和半韵（如 'moon'/'moan'）操控读者的预期与收束感。
3. Morphology and Word Formation | 形态与构词法
Morphology analyses the internal structure of words and how they are formed. Recognising morphemes empowers you to decode unfamiliar vocabulary and comment on coinages.
形态学分析词的内部结构及其构成方式。识别词素让你能够解码生词并评论新创词。
un- + help + -ful → unhelpful
Free morpheme (自由词素): Can stand alone as a word (e.g., 'help', 'kind'). Bound morphemes (粘着词素) must attach to another morpheme (e.g., 'un-', '-ly', '-ed'). Prefixes modify meaning; suffixes often change word class.
自由词素: 能独立成词的单位（如 'help', 'kind'）。粘着词素必须附着于另一词素（如 'un-', '-ly', '-ed'）。前缀改变词义；后缀常改变词性。
Derivational morphology (派生形态): Creates new words by adding affixes: 'happy' → 'unhappy' (prefix) or 'teach' → 'teacher' (suffix). Inflectional morphology (曲折形态) expresses grammatical contrasts (tense, number): 'walk' → 'walked' (past tense); 'cat' → 'cats' (plural). Inflections do not alter word class.
派生形态: 通过添加词缀创造新词：'happy' → 'unhappy'（前缀）或 'teach' → 'teacher'（后缀）。曲折形态表达语法对立（时态、数）：'walk' → 'walked'（过去时）；'cat' → 'cats'（复数）。曲折不改变词性。
Compound (复合词): Two or more free morphemes joined: 'laptop', 'snowflake'. Blends (混成词) merge parts of two words: 'brunch' (breakfast + lunch), 'smog' (smoke + fog).
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