📚 Year 11 SQA Statistics: Key Terms Quick Memory Guide | SQA Year 11 统计学：核心术语速记指南
Mastering statistical terminology is the first step towards success in the SQA Year 11 Statistics or Applications of Mathematics course. This quick memory guide breaks down essential vocabulary into manageable categories, helping you recall precise definitions and use them confidently in both coursework and exams. Each term is explained in a simple, paired English-Chinese format so that you can reinforce your understanding and build fluency in the language of statistics.
掌握统计学术语是在 SQA Year 11 统计学或应用数学课程中取得成功的第一步。这份速记指南将基本词汇分解为易于理解的类别，帮助你回忆起精准的定义，并在作业和考试中自信地运用。每个术语都以简洁的英中配对形式解释，让你能巩固理解并熟练运用统计语言。
1. Types of Data | 数据类型
Categorical (Qualitative) Data: Data that describes qualities or categories, such as eye colour, gender or type of transport.
分类（定性）数据： 描述性质或类别的数据，例如眼睛颜色、性别或交通工具类型。
Numerical (Quantitative) Data: Data that can be counted or measured and expressed in numbers.
数值（定量）数据： 可以计数或测量并用数字表示的数据。
Discrete Data: Numerical data that can only take specific, separate values, usually whole numbers from counting (e.g. number of pets).
离散数据： 只能取特定、分离值的数值数据，通常是计数的整数（如宠物数量）。
Continuous Data: Numerical data that can take any value within a given range, based on measurement (e.g. height, time, temperature).
连续数据： 在给定范围内可以取任意值的数值数据，基于测量（如身高、时间、温度）。
Nominal Data: Categorical data with no natural order or ranking (e.g. hair colour, postcode).
名义数据： 没有自然顺序或等级的分类数据（如发色、邮编）。
Ordinal Data: Categorical data that has a meaningful order but the intervals between ranks are not equal (e.g. satisfaction scale: poor, good, excellent).
有序数据： 具有有意义的顺序但等级间的间隔不相等的分类数据（如满意度量表：差、好、优秀）。
2. Measures of Central Tendency | 集中趋势的度量
Mean: The sum of all data values divided by the number of values. It is the arithmetic average. For a sample, the formula is often written as:
平均数： 所有数据值的总和除以数值的个数。它是算术平均值。对于样本，公式通常写作：
x̄ = Σx / n
Median: The middle value when the data are arranged in order. If there is an even number of observations, the median is the mean of the two central values.
中位数： 数据按顺序排列后位于中间的值。若观测值个数为偶数，则中位数是中间两个值的平均数。
Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a data set. A set may have one mode, more than one mode (bimodal or multimodal), or no mode at all.
众数： 数据集中出现频率最高的值。一组数据可能有一个众数、多个众数（双众数或多众数），或根本没有众数。
Weighted Mean: An average in which some values contribute more weight than others, often used when combining means from different groups.
加权平均数： 一些值占有比其它值更大权重的平均数，常用于合并不同组的均值时。
3. Measures of Spread | 离散程度的度量
Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set. It is the simplest measure of spread but can be affected by outliers.
极差（全距）： 数据集中最大值与最小值之差。它是最简单的离散度量，但容易受异常值影响。
Interquartile Range (IQR): The range of the middle 50% of the data, calculated as Q3 – Q1. It is resistant to outliers.
四分位距（IQR）： 中间50%数据的范围，计算为 Q3 − Q1。它对异常值不敏感。
Semi-interquartile Range: Half of the interquartile range, sometimes used as an alternative measure of spread.
半四分位距： 四分位距的一半，有时用作另一种离散程度的度量。
Standard Deviation (Sample): A measure of how spread out the data are around the mean. For a sample, it is denoted by s and given by:
标准差（样本）： 衡量数据围绕均值的分散程度的量度。对于样本，用 s 表示，公式为：
s = √[ Σ(x − x̄)² / (n − 1) ]
Variance: deviation, representing the average squared deviation from the mean. Sample variance = s².
方差： 标准差的平方，表示与均值离差平方的平均数。样本方差 = s²。
4. Quartiles and Box Plots | 四分位数与箱线图
Lower Quartile (Q1): The value that cuts off the lowest 25% of the data. It is the median of the lower half of the ordered data set.
下四分位数（Q1）： 切断最低25%数据的值。它是有序数据下半部分的中位数。
Median (Q2): The middle value that divides the data into two equal halves (50th percentile).
中位数（Q2）： 将数据分成相等两半的中间值（第50百分位数）。
Upper Quartile (Q3): The value that cuts off the lowest 75% of the data. It is the median of the upper half of the ordered data set.
上四分位数（Q3）： 切断最低75%数据的值。它是有序数据上半部分的中位数。
Five-number Summary: A set of statistics consisting of the minimum, Q1, median, Q3 and maximum. It provides a quick overview of a distribution.
五数概括： 包含最小值、Q1、中位数、Q3和最大值的一组统计量，可快速了解数据分布。
Box Plot (Box-and-whisker Plot): A graphical display of the five-number summary that also highlights any outliers.
箱线图（盒须图）： 显示五数概括的图形，同时突出任何异常值。
Outlier: ide the overall pattern. A common rule is that a value is an outlier if it is less than Q1 – 1.5×IQR or greater than Q3 + 1.5×IQR.
异常值： 远高于或低于整体模式的极端值。常见判断规则：若一个值小于 Q1 − 1.5×IQR 或大于 Q3 + 1.5×IQR，则可视为异常值。
5. Probability Terminology | 概率术语
Experiment: A repeatable process that produces a set of outcomes, such as rolling a die or flipping a coin.
试验： 一种可重复的过程，会产生一系列结果，如掷骰子或抛硬币。
Outcome: A single possible result of an experiment, for example getting a '4' on a die.
结果： 试验的单一可能结果，例如骰子上出现“4”。
Event: experiment. Events are often denoted by capital letters, e.g. A = rolling an even number.
事件： 试验的一个或多个结果的集合。事件常用大写字母表示，如 A = 掷出偶数。
Sample Space: riment, usually written as a list or using set notation, e.g. S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} for a die.
样本空间： 试验所有可能结果的集合，通常用列表或集合符号书写，例如掷骰子的 S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}。
Probability Scale: A scale from 0 to 1 where 0 means an event is impossible and 1 means it is certain. Probabilities can also be expressed as fractions, decimals or percentages.
概率尺度： 从0到1的尺度，0表示事件不可能发生，1表示必然发生。概率也可用分数、小数或百分数表示。
Independent Events: Two events where the outcome of one does not affect the probability of the other, such as flipping a coin and rolling a die.
独立事件： 一个事件的结果不影响另一个事件概率的两个事件，例如抛硬币和掷骰子。
Mutually Exclusive Events: Events that cannot happen at the same time. For example, when rolling a die, getting a 2 and getting a 5 are mutually exclusive.
互斥事件： 不能
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 统计 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图