📚 CIE Year 12 Politics: Key Vocabulary Quick Guide | CIE 12年级政治：核心词汇速记指南
Mastering the language of politics is the first step to writing high-scoring essays. This guide presents 50 essential terms for CIE Year 12 Politics, grouped by theme, with concise English definitions followed by their Chinese equivalents. Use these pairings to strengthen recall and apply concepts accurately in exam contexts.
掌握政治学的语言是写出高分论文的第一步。本指南将 CIE 12年级政治的 50 个核心术语按主题分组，先给出简明的英文释义，再配以对应的中文解释。通过对照记忆，你可以强化对概念的快速回忆，并在考试中准确运用。
1. Core Concepts of Power and Authority | 权力与权威的核心概念
Power is the ability of an individual or group to influence the behaviour of others, even against their will. It can take many forms, including physical force, economic control, or psychological persuasion.
权力 是个人或群体影响他人行为的能力，哪怕违背其意愿。它有多种形式，包括武力、经济控制或心理说服。
Authority is power that is recognised as legitimate by those over whom it is exercised. It relies on consent rather than coercion.
权威 是被治理者承认其正当性的权力。它依赖同意而非强制。
Coercion involves the use of force or threats to compel someone to act in a certain way. It is the opposite of authority.
强制 涉及使用武力或威胁迫使某人按特定方式行事。它是权威的反面。
Influence is a subtler form of power where outcomes are shaped without overt commands, often through persuasion or setting agendas.
影响力 是一种更为隐性的权力形式，通过说服或议程设置塑造结果，而不必发出明显指令。
2. Legitimacy and Sovereignty | 合法性与主权
Legitimacy refers to the widespread belief that a ruler, institution, or law has the right to govern. It is the source of stable political order.
合法性 指人们普遍相信某个统治者、制度或法律有治理的权利。它是稳定政治秩序的来源。
Sovereignty is the supreme and final authority within a territory. In the UK context, legal sovereignty lies with Parliament, while political sovereignty lies with the electorate.
主权 是一个领土内最高和最终的权威。在英国语境下，法律主权属于议会，政治主权属于选民。
Popular sovereignty is the principle that the authority of the state is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through elected representatives.
人民主权 是一项原则，即国家的权威来源于并依赖于人民的同意，通过选举代表来实现。
Consent is voluntary agreement to a political arrangement. In democratic theory, government rests on the consent of the governed.
同意 是对政治安排的自愿认可。在民主理论中，政府建立在被统治者的同意之上。
3. Democracy and Its Forms | 民主及其形式
Direct democracy describes a system in which citizens vote on policy initiatives directly, without representatives. Switzerland’s frequent referendums are a modern example.
直接民主 指公民无需代表，直接对政策倡议进行投票的制度。瑞士频繁的公投是现代实例。
Representative democracy is a form of democracy where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK and US operate under this model.
代议民主 是公民选举代表代为决策的民主形式。英国和美国即采用此模式。
Liberal democracy combines representative government with protections for individual rights, rule of law, and competitive elections.
自由民主制 将代议政府与个人权利保护、法治和竞争性选举结合在一起。
Majoritarian democracy concentrates power in the hands of a majority, often through a single-party executive and first-past-the-post elections.
多数民主 将权力集中于多数派手中，通常通过单一政党执政和简单多数制选举实现。
Pluralist democracy emphasises the role of diverse and competing groups in influencing decision-making, with power widely dispersed across society.
多元民主 强调多样化且相互竞争的群体在决策中的影响力，权力广泛分散于社会。
4. Political Ideologies: Liberalism | 政治意识形态：自由主义
Liberalism is an ideology centred on individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and limited government. It champions reason, tolerance, and consent.
自由主义 是一种以个人自由、机会平等和有限政府为核心的意识形态。它崇尚理性、宽容和同意。
Classical liberalism advocates negative freedom—freedom from state interference—and the minimal state, with emphasis on free markets and individual self-reliance.
古典自由主义 主张消极自由（免于国家干预的自由）和最小国家，强调自由市场和个人自立。
Modern liberalism supports positive freedom—the ability to fulfil one’s potential—and an enabling state that provides welfare and economic regulation.
现代自由主义 支持积极自由（实现自身潜力的能力）和赋能型国家，提供福利和经济监管。
Social contract is the idea that individuals consent to be governed in exchange for protection of their rights. Thinkers like John Locke developed this concept.
社会契约 是一种观念，即个人同意被治理，以换取对其权利的保护。约翰·洛克等思想家发展了这一概念。
5. Political Ideologies: Conservatism | 保守主义
Conservatism values tradition, order, and stability. It sees human imperfection as a reason to be cautious about radical change.
保守主义 重视传统、秩序和稳定。它将人性的不完美视为对激进变革持谨慎态度的理由。
Traditional conservatism defends established institutions and hierarchies, advocating organic change rather than revolution. Edmund Burke is a key thinker.
传统保守主义 捍卫既有制度和等级结构，倡导有机变革而非革命。埃德蒙·柏克是关键思想家。
One-nation conservatism emerged in the 19th century, stressing the duty of the rich to care for the poor in order to preserve social unity and avoid revolution.
一国保守主义 兴起于19世纪，强调富人有照顾穷人的义务，以维护社会团结、避免革命。
New Right conservatism fuses free-market economics with traditional social values, advocating a minimal state in the economy but a strong state in enforcing order and morality.
新右翼保守主义 将自由市场经济与传统社会价值观相结合，主张在经济上实行最小国家，但在维护秩序和道德上实行强力国家。
6. Political Ideologies: Socialism | 社会主义
Socialism is an ideology that prioritises social equality, common ownership, and collective welfare over private profit. It views humanity as naturally cooperative.
社会主义 是一种优先考虑社会平等、公共所有权和集体福利而非私人利润的意识形态。它认为人类天性合作。
Revolutionary socialism (Marxism) holds that capitalism will be overthrown by a proletarian revolution, leading to a classless, stateless society.
革命社会主义（马克思主义）认为资本主义将被无产阶级革命推翻，最终形成无阶级、无国家的社会。
Social democracy seeks to humanise capitalism through progressive taxation, welfare states, and regulation, while retaining private property and free elections.
社会民主主义 试图通过累进税制、福利国家和监管来使资本主义更人性化，同时保留私有财产和自由选举。
Third Way socialism (associated with Anthony Giddens) modernises social democracy, emphasising market solutions to social problems and a balance of rights and responsibilities.
第三条道路社会主义（与安东尼·吉登斯相关）使社会民主主义现代化，强调以市场手段解决社会问题，并平衡权利与责任。
7. Electoral Systems | 选举制度
First-past-the-post (FPTP) is a plurality system in which the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins. It tends to produce strong single-party governments but can distort proportionality.
简单多数制 (FPTP) 是一种相对多数制，各选区得票最多的候选人获胜。它往往产生强势单一政党政府，但会扭曲比例代表性。
Proportional representation (PR) allocates seats in proportion to votes cast. Variants include party-list PR and the single transferable vote (STV).
比例代表制 (PR) 按照得票比例分配席位。变体包括政党名单比例代表制和单一可转移投票制 (STV)。
Mixed-member proportional (MMP) combines constituency representatives elected by FPTP with regional lists to achieve overall proportionality. Used in Germany and New Zealand.
联立制 (MMP) 将简单多数制选出的选区代表与区域名单结合，以实现整体比例性。德国和新西兰采用此制。
Referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to accept or reject a specific proposal. It is a device of direct democracy.
公投 是全体选民就被要求接受或拒绝某一具体提案的直接投票。它是一种直接民主的工具。
8. Representation and Participation | 代表与参与
Representation is the process by which the views, interests, or identities of citizens are presented in legislative and decision-making bodies.
代表 是将公民的观点、利益或身份呈现在立法和决策机构中的过程。
Trustee model of representation holds that representatives should exercise their own judgement, even if it contradicts the views of constituents.
受托人模式 认为代表应运用自己的判断力，即使与选民的观点相悖。
Delegate model requires representatives to mirror the preferences of those who elected them, acting as a mouthpiece.
代理人模式 要求代表反映选举人的偏好，充当传声筒。
Mandate is the authority granted by the electorate to a winning party to carry out its manifesto promises. It strengthens the legitimacy of government policy.
授权 是选民授予获胜政党的权力，以实施其政纲承诺。它强化了政府政策的合法性。
Political participation covers all activities by which citizens seek to influence government, from voting to protests and lobbying.
政治参与 涵盖公民试图影响政府的全部活动，从投票到抗议和游说。
9. The State and Government | 国家与政府
State refers to the permanent institutions that govern a defined territory: the executive, legislature, judiciary, bureaucracy, military, and police. It claims a monopoly on legitimate force.
国家 指治理某一确定领土的常设机构：行政、立法、司法、官僚体系、军队和警察。它声称对合法武力的垄断。
Government is the temporary set of politicians running the state at a given time. It changes with elections, while the state endures.
政府 是在特定时期管理国家的临时性政治人物群体。它随选举更迭，而国家持续存在。
Nation is a group of people bound together by shared culture, language, history, or identity, which may or may not have its own state.
民族 是因共同文化、语言、历史或身份认同而联系在一起的群体，它可能拥有也可能不拥有自己的国家。
Rule of law is the principle that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are accountable to law that is publicly known, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated.
法治 是一项原则，即所有个人和机构，包括政府，都受公开周知、平等执行和独立裁决的法律之约束。
Constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is governed. It may be codified (as in the US) or uncodified (as in the UK).
宪法 是一套治理国家的根本原则。它可以是成文的（如美国）或不成文的（如英国）。
10. Rights and Citizenship | 权利与公民身份
Civil liberties are negative freedoms that protect individuals from state overreach—such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.
公民自由 是保护个人免受国家过度干预的消极自由——如言论自由、宗教自由和集会自由。
Civil rights are positive entitlements that require state action to ensure equal treatment under the law, such as the right to vote or non-discrimination.
公民权利 是需要国家行动以确保法律面前平等对待的积极权利，如投票权或不受歧视的权利。
Human rights are universal, inalienable rights belonging to every person regardless of nationality. They are set out in documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
人权 是普遍、不可剥夺的权利，属于每一个人，不论国籍。它们载于《世界人权宣言》等文件。
Citizenship denotes full membership in a political community, with associated rights and duties such as obeying laws, paying taxes, and participating in civic life.
公民身份 表示在一个政治共同体中拥有正式成员资格，并附有相应的权利和义务，如遵守法律、纳税和参与公共生活。
Multicultural citizenship recognises group-specific rights for cultural minorities, challenging the traditional idea of a single national identity.
多元文化公民身份 承认文化少数群体的特定群体权利，挑战单一民族认同的传统观念。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图