📚 CIE AS Sociology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | CIE AS社会学核心术语速记指南
This guide provides a systematic, bilingual overview of essential sociological terms for Year 12 CIE AS Sociology students. Each term is clearly defined and accompanied by a matching Chinese explanation to support quick memorisation and deep understanding of key concepts across socialisation, identity, family, research methods, stratification and related areas.
本指南为Year 12 CIE AS社会学学生提供核心术语的系统性双语概览。每个术语均有清晰定义和对应的中文解释，旨在帮助快速记忆并深入理解社会化、身份、家庭、研究方法、分层等相关领域的关键概念。
1. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Culture: The whole way of life of a particular society, including its language, beliefs, customs, and material artefacts.
文化：特定社会的整个生活方式，包括其语言、信仰、习俗和物质制品。
Norms: Social rules that define appropriate and expected behaviour in specific situations; they are culturally specific.
规范：在具体情境中界定得当和预期行为的社会规则；它们是文化特定的。
Values: Deeply held beliefs about what is desirable, good and worthwhile that underpin a society's norms.
价值观：关于什么是可取、良善和有价值的深层信念，是一个社会规范的基础。
Subculture: A group whose norms and values differ from those of the mainstream culture, often forming a distinct identity.
亚文化：一个其规范与价值观异于主流文化的群体，常形成独特的身份认同。
Cultural diversity: The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
文化多样性：一个社会中存在多种文化或族群的现象。
2. Socialisation: The Lifelong Process | 社会化：终身过程
Socialisation: The lifelong process of learning the norms, values, and social skills appropriate to one's society.
社会化：终身学习适应其社会所需的规范、价值观和社会技能的过程。
Primary socialisation: Early childhood learning that takes place within the family, shaping basic language, norms and identity.
初级社会化：在家庭中发生的幼年学习，塑造基础语言、规范与身份。
Secondary socialisation: Later learning that occurs through agencies such as schools, peer groups, media and the workplace.
次级社会化：通过学校、同辈群体、媒体和工作场所等媒介进行的后续学习。
Resocialisation: The process of unlearning old norms and learning new ones, often occurring in total institutions like prisons or the army.
再社会化：抛弃旧规范并学习新规范的过程，常发生在监狱或军队等全控机构中。
Anticipatory socialisation: Learning the norms and values of a group one aspires to join, in preparation for future membership.
预期社会化：学习一个人期望加入的群体的规范与价值观，为未来成员身份做准备。
3. Identity and the Self | 身份与自我
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