📚 Year 11 SQA History: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 11 SQA 历史词汇术语速记指南
Mastering historical vocabulary is essential for scoring top marks in SQA History exams. Precise terminology allows you to write structured essays, analyse sources accurately, and demonstrate sound knowledge. This quick guide breaks down key terms by theme, with clear English and Chinese explanations to boost your revision.
掌握历史词汇是在 SQA 历史考试中取得高分的关键。精确的术语能帮助你写出结构严谨的论文、准确分析史料，并展现扎实的知识。本速记指南按主题梳理关键术语，提供清晰的中英解释，助力备考复习。
1. Political Systems and Ideologies | 政治制度与意识形态
Democracy: a system of government in which power is held by the people, who exercise it either directly or through freely elected representatives. Essential features include regular elections, the rule of law, and protection of individual rights such as freedom of speech.
民主：一种人民掌握权力并通过直接或自由选举的代表行使权力的制度。核心特征包括定期选举、法治以及言论自由等个人权利的保护。
Dictatorship: a form of government where a single person or a small group holds absolute authority, often controlling the state with force and suppressing political opposition. Nazi Germany under Hitler and the Soviet Union under Stalin are classic examples.
独裁：一种由个人或小集团掌握绝对权力的政府形式，常通过武力控制国家并镇压政治反对派。希特勒统治下的纳粹德国和斯大林的苏联是典型例子。
Communism: a political and economic ideology advocating a classless society in which all property is publicly owned. Based on the ideas of Marx and Engels, communist revolutions aimed to overthrow capitalist systems, as seen in Russia in 1917 and China in 1949.
共产主义：主张建立无阶级社会、一切财产公有的政治经济意识形态。基于马克思和恩格斯的思想，共产主义革命旨在推翻资本主义制度，如1917年俄国革命和1949年中国革命。
Fascism: a far-right, authoritarian ultranationalist ideology characterised by dictatorial leadership, the forcible suppression of dissent, and strong state control over society and the economy. Mussolini's Italy established the first fascist regime.
法西斯主义：一种极右翼的、奉行威权极端民族主义的意识形态，以独裁领导、强力镇压异议以及国家对社会和经济的严格控制为特征。墨索里尼的意大利建立了第一个法西斯政权。
Monarchy: a political system where a king or queen is the head of state. In a constitutional monarchy, like the United Kingdom, the monarch's powers are limited by law and Parliament retains sovereign authority.
君主制：由国王或女王担任国家元首的政治制度。在像英国这样的君主立宪制国家，君主的权力受法律约束，议会拥有最高权力。
2. Empire and Imperialism | 帝国与帝国主义
Imperialism: the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonisation, military force, or economic dominance. The 'Scramble for Africa' in the late 19th century is a prominent example of European imperialism driven by competition for resources.
帝国主义：通过殖民、武力或经济支配来扩张国家
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 History Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图