📚 Core Knowledge Points for Year 12 CIE Spanish | 12年级 CIE 西班牙语核心知识点梳理
Welcome to this comprehensive review of the core knowledge points for Year 12 CIE Spanish. This article consolidates essential grammar, vocabulary and sentence structures that form the basis of the AS-level curriculum. Mastering these elements will help you communicate effectively in Spanish and excel in the CIE examination.
欢迎阅读这篇12年级CIE西班牙语核心知识点梳理。本文整合了构成AS课程基础的关键语法、词汇和句子结构。掌握这些要素将帮助您用西班牙语进行有效沟通，并在CIE考试中取得优异成绩。
1. Present Tense: Regular and Irregular Verbs | 现在时：规则与不规则动词
The present tense in Spanish is used to describe habitual actions, current states, general truths and near-future events. Regular verbs are conjugated by dropping the infinitive endings (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding the appropriate person endings. Irregular verbs such as ser, estar, ir, tener and hacer must be memorised individually because they do not follow the standard patterns.
西班牙语的现在时用于描述习惯性动作、当前状态、普遍真理以及近期将来的事件。规则动词通过去掉原形词尾（-ar, -er, -ir）并添加相应的词尾进行变位。不规则动词如 ser、estar、ir、tener 和 hacer 需要单独记忆，因为它们不遵循标准模式。
For regular -ar verbs like hablar (to speak), the endings are -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an. For -er verbs like comer (to eat): -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en. For -ir verbs like vivir (to live): -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en. Pay attention to stem-changing verbs such as pensar (pienso) and poder (puedo), where the root vowel changes in all forms except nosotros and vosotros.
规则 -ar 动词如 hablar（说话）的词尾是 -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an；-er 动词如 comer（吃）为 -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en；-ir 动词如 vivir（生活）为 -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en。还需注意词干元音变化动词，如 pensar 变为 pienso，poder 变为 puedo，这类动词中词干元音的变化发生在除 nosotros 和 vosotros 外的所有人称。
Below are the present-tense conjugations of six key irregular verbs. These appear frequently in AS-level reading and writing tasks.
下表展示了六个关键不规则动词的现在时变位，它们在AS阶段的阅读和写作任务中出现频率极高。
| Infinitive | yo | tú | él/ella/Ud. | nosotros | vosotros | ellos/Uds. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ser (to be) | soy | eres | es | somos | sois | son |
| estar (to be) | estoy | estás | está | estamos | estáis | están |
| ir (to go) | voy | vas | va | vamos | vais | van |
| tener (to have) | tengo | tienes | tiene | tenemos | tenéis | tienen |
| hacer (to do/make) | hago | haces | hace | hacemos | hacéis | hacen |
| decir (to say/tell) | digo | dices | dice | decimos | decís | dicen |
2. The Preterite and Imperfect Tenses | 简单过去时和过去未完成时
In Spanish, two past tenses are essential in Year 12: the preterite (pretérito) and the imperfect (imperfecto). The preterite is used for actions that are completed, sequential or have a defined beginning and end. The imperfect describes ongoing, habitual or background actions in the past, as well as physical and emotional states.
西班牙语中，两种过去时态在12年级至关重要：简单过去时和过去未完成时。简单过去时用于已完成、有先后顺序或具有明确开始和结束的动作。过去未完成时则描述过去进行中的、习惯性的或背景性的动作，也用于描述生理和情绪状态。
Typical time signals help you choose the correct tense: 'ayer', 'anoche' and 'el año pasado' trigger the preterite, while 'siempre', 'todos los días' and 'mientras' usually indicate the imperfect. Be alert to sentences where both tenses appear, such as 'Cuando llegué, llovía' (When I arrived, it was raining).
典型的时间标志有助于选择正确的时态：'ayer'、'anoche' 和 'el año pasado' 触发简单过去时，而 'siempre'、'todos los días' 和 'mientras' 通常提示过去未完成时。要注意两种时态并存的句子，比如 'Cuando llegué, llovía'（我到达的时候，天正在下雨）。
Regular preterite endings for -ar verbs are -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron; for -er/-ir verbs they are -í, -iste, -ió ecir → dije. The imperfect endings are highly regular: -ar verbs take -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban; -er/-ir verbs take -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían. Only ir, ser and ver are irregular in the imperfect.
规则 -ar 动词的简单过去时词尾是 -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron；-er/-ir 动词为 -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron。许多常用动词词干不规则，例如 tener → tuve，estar → estuve，poder → pude，poner → puse，hacer → hice，decir → dije。过去未完成时的词尾非常规则：-ar 动词采用 -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban；-er/-ir 动词采用 -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían。只有 ir、ser 和 ver 在过去未完成时中是不规则的。
3. Future and Conditional Tenses | 将来时和条件式
The simple future tense in Spanish is formed by adding the endings -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án to the infinitive. It expresses future actions, predictions and strong probability in the present. The conditional is formed similarly with -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían, and is used for polite requests, hypothetical statements and the result of an 'if' clause when the condition is unlikely or contrary to fact.
西班牙语的简单将来时通过在原形动词后添加词尾 -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án 构成，表达未来动作、预测以及现在的强烈可能性。条件式以类似方式添加 -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían 构成，用于礼貌请求、假设陈述以及在与事实相反或不大可能发生的条件句中表示结果。
rregular stems in both tenses, but share the same endings. Examples: tener → tendr- (tendré, tendrí r → har-; decir → dir-. Knowing these irregular stems is crucial for CIE AS writing tasks.
一些常用动词在这两个时态中使用不规则词干，但共享相同的词尾。例如：tener → tendr-（tendré, tendría）；salir → saldr-；poner → pondr-；poder → podr-；querer → querr-；hacer → har-；decir → dir-。掌握这些不规则词干对CIE AS的写作任务至关重要。
In conditional sentences the conditional often appears in the main clause while the subordinate clause uses the imperfect subjunctive: 'Si tuviera más dinero, viajaría por el mundo' (If I had more money, I would travel the world). This structure is a core element of Year 12 grammar.
在条件句中，条件式常出现在主句中，从句则使用过去虚拟式（过去未完成虚拟式）：'Si tuviera más dinero, viajaría por el mundo'（如果我有更多钱，就会环游世界）。这一结构是12年级语法的一个核心要素。
4. Present Subjunctive | 现在虚拟式
The present subjunctive (presente de subjuntivo) is a vital mood for expressing doubt, desire, emotion, influence, negation and uncertainty. It is formed by taking the 'yo' form of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding opposite vowel endings: for -ar verbs -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en; for -er/-ir verbs -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an.
现在虚拟式是表达怀疑、愿望、情感、影响、否定和不确定性的关键语式。它的构成方法是取陈述式现在时第一人称单数词干（去掉 -o），然后添加相反元音的词尾：-ar 动词用 -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en；-er/-ir 动词用 -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an。
The subjunctive is nearly always found in subordinate clauses introduced by 'que', after verbs and impersonal expressions such as 'esperar que', 'querer que', 'dudar que', 'es importante que', 'es posible que'. It is also used after certain conjunctions like 'para que' and 'antes de que', and in negative commands.
虚拟式几乎总是出现在以 'que' 引导的从句中，跟随在动词或无人称表达之后，如 'esperar que'、'querer que'、'dudar que'、'es importante que'、'es posible que'。它还用于某些连词之后，如 'para que' 和 'antes de que'，并用于否定命令式。
Irregular present subjunctive forms include: ser → sea, estar → esté, ir → vaya, saber → sepa, haber → haya, dar → dé ive to express an opinion or reaction is a distinguishing feature of higher-level answers.
不规则现在虚拟式包括：ser → sea, estar → esté, ir → vaya, saber → sepa, haber → haya, dar → dé。词干变化的 -ir 动词在 nosotros/vosotros 中也发生变化：dormir → durmamos，sentir → sintamos。在CIE考试中，用虚拟式表达观点或反应是高分答案的显著特征。
5. Formal and Informal Commands | 命令式
Commands (imperative mood) are essential for giving instructions, advice and requests. The tú positive command takes the third-person singular form of the present indicative: 'habla', 'come', 'vive'. The usted and ustedes commands use the present subjunctive forms: 'hable', 'coman'.
命令式对于给出指示、建议和请求至关重要。tú 的肯定命令采用陈述式现在时的第三人称单数形式：'habla'、'come'、'vive'。usted 和 ustedes 的命令则采用现在虚拟式的形式：'hable'、'coman'。
Negative commands for all persons use the present subjunctive. For tú: 'no hables', 'no comas', 'no vivas'. For usted: 'no hable', 'no coma'. This rule is simple but must be applied consistently, especially with reflexive verbs where the pronoun is attached to the front in negative forms: 'no te levantes'.
所有人称的否定命令均使用现在虚拟式。对于 tú：'no hables'、'no comas'、'no vivas'。对于 usted：'no hable'、'no coma'。这条规则简单但必须一致应用，尤其在反身动词中，否定形式下代词需前置：'no te levantes'。
There are only a few irregular affirmative tú commands: 'di' (decir), 'haz' (hacer), 've' (ir), 'pon' (poner), 'sal' (salir), 'sé' (ser), 'ten' (tener), 'ven' (venir). Vosotros commands are formed by replacing the final -r of the infinitive with -d: 'hablad', 'comed', 'vivid'.
仅有少数几个不规则的肯定 tú 命令：'di'（decir）、'haz'（hacer）、've'（ir）、'pon'（poner）、'sal'（salir）、'sé'（ser）、'ten'（tener）、'ven'（venir）。vosotros 的命令式是将原形动词最后的 -r 替换为 -d：'hablad'、'comed'、'vivid'。
6. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | 直接与间接宾语代词
Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las) replace the noun that directly receives the action. Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) indicate to whom or for whom the action is done. In a sentence, they usually appear before the conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive or gerund.
直接宾语代词（me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las）替代直接承受动作的名词。间接宾语代词（me, te, le, nos, os, les）表示动作的承受对象或受益者。在句中，它们通常置于变位动词之前，或附着在不定式和副动词之后。
A crucial rule for Year 12 is the 'le → se' son direct object pronoun (lo/la/los/las) appear together, the indirect pronoun changes to 'se'. For example, 'Le doy el libro' becomes 'Se lo doy' (I give it to him/her). This avoids the awkward combinations 'le lo' or 'les la'.
12年级的一个关键规则是 'le → se' 的转换：当第三人称间接宾语代词（le/les）与第三人称直接宾语代词（lo/la/los/las）同现时，间接代词改为 'se'。例如，'Le doy el libro' 变成 'Se lo doy'。这避免了别扭的组合 'le lo' 或 'les la'。
In compound constructions with infinitives or gerunds, pronouns can be attached to the end: 'Voy a escribirlo' or 'Lo voy a escribir'. With the present progressive, you can say 'Estoy leyéndolo' or 'Lo estoy leyendo'. Remember to add a written accent if attachment affects the stress pattern.
在与不定式或副动词的复合结构中，代词可附于词尾：'Voy a escribirlo' 或 'Lo voy a escribir'。使用现在进行时，可以说 'Estoy leyéndolo' 或 'Lo estoy leyendo'。要记得如果附后影响了重音规律，需添加书面重音符号。
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Published by TutorHao | Year 12 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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