📚 SQA Psychology Year 11: Key Terms Memory Guide | SQA心理学关键术语速记指南
Mastering the language of psychology is your first step towards exam success. This guide takes you through essential SQA Year 11 terms, pairing clear explanations with powerful memory tricks. Whether you are tackling research methods, biopsychology, or social influence, these concise definitions and mnemonics will help you recall concepts quickly and confidently.
掌握心理学的语言是你迈向考试成功的第一步。本指南带你梳理SQA Year 11的核心术语，用清晰的解释和实用的记忆技巧帮你快速建立词汇库。无论是研究方法、生物心理学还是社会影响，这些简明的定义和口诀都能让你记得准、用得活。
1. Research Methods Basics | 研究方法基础术语
Independent Variable (IV) – The factor that the researcher deliberately manipulates or changes. Think ‘I change the IV’.
自变量 (IV) – 研究者有意操纵或改变的因素。记住 ‘I change the IV’（我改变自变量），首字母 I 对应 Independent。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The factor that is measured; it ‘depends’ on the IV. If you change the IV, the DV might change.
因变量 (DV) – 被测量的因素，它‘依赖’于自变量。如果自变量变了，因变量就可能随之变化。
Hypothesis – A precise, testable prediction about the relationship between the IV and the DV. Often starts with ‘There will be a significant difference…’
假设 – 关于自变量与因变量之间关系的一个精确、可检验的预测。通常以‘将存在显著差异……’开头。
Operationalisation – Defining exactly how you will manipulate the IV and measure the DV, making the study repeatable. Ask yourself: ‘What am I doing, and how am I recording it?’
操作化 – 清晰界定你将如何操纵自变量和测量因变量，使研究可重复。问自己：‘我具体做什么，如何记录？’这样就不会模糊。
Confounding Variable – An extra factor that might affect the DV and confuse the results. Memory trick: a confounded study confuses cause and effect.
混淆变量 – 可能影响因变量、干扰结果的额外因素。记忆法：被混淆（confounded）的研究会把因果关系搅乱。
2. Experimental Design Terms | 实验设计术语
Independent Groups Design – Different participants take part in each condition. Advantage: no order effects. Disadvantage: participant variables may differ.
独立组设计 – 不同组的被试各自只参加一种实验条件。优点：无顺序效应。缺点：被试变量可能不同。
Repeated Measures Design – The same participants do all conditions. Advantage: participant variables are controlled. Disadvantage: order effects (practice, boredom).
重复测量设计 – 同一组被试参加所有条件。优点：被试变量得到控制。缺点：顺序效应（如练习效应、疲劳效应）。
Matched Pairs Design – Participants are paired on key traits, then each pair is split between conditions. Aims to reduce participant variables without order effects.
配对组设计 – 根据关键特质对被试进行配对，再将每对分别分配到不同条件。希望减少被试变量，又避免顺序效应。
Counterbalancing – A technique used in repeated measures to control order effects; half the participants do condition A first, half do condition B first. Think ‘ABBA’ arrangement.
平衡法 – 在重复测量设计中控制顺序效应的技术；一半被试先做A条件，一半先做B条件。可以联想 ‘ABBA’ 排列来记忆。
Random Allocation – Putting participants into conditions purely by chance, so each person has an equal opportunity of being in any group. This minimises bias.
随机分配 – 完全凭机率将被试分入不同条件，使每个人都有同等机会进入任何一组，尽量减少偏差。
3. Biopsychology: Neurons and the Brain | 生物心理学：神经元与大脑
Neuron – A specialised nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses. Three main types: sensory, relay (interneuron), and motor. Remember ‘SAME’ – Sensory Afferent, Motor Efferent (approximate).
神经元 – 传递电脉冲的特化神经细胞。三种主要类型：感觉神经元、联络神经元和运动神经元。可用 ‘SAME’ 助记：感觉传入（Afferent），运动传出（Efferent）。
Synapse – The tiny gap between two neurons where chemical transmission occurs. Neurotransmitters cross this gap.
突触 – 两个神经元之间进行化学传递的微小间隙。神经递质就是穿过这个间隙。
Neurotransmitter – A chemical messenger released from the presynaptic neuron (e.g., serotonin, dopamine). Lock-and-key model: the neurotransmitter fits receptors like a key.
神经递质 – 从突触前神经元释放的化学信使（如血清素、多巴胺）。锁钥模型：神经递质像钥匙一样嵌入受体。
CNS and PNS – Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (nerves outside the CNS). The CNS is the command centre, the PNS connects it to the body.
中枢神经系统与周围神经系统 – CNS由脑和脊髓组成，PNS是CNS以外的所有神经。CNS是指挥中心，PNS将其与身体连接起来。
Amygdala – A small, almond-shaped structure linked to emotion, especially fear and aggression. Mnemonic: ‘Amy’ sounds like ‘angry’ – the angry amygdala.
杏仁核 – 一个杏仁状的小结构，与情绪（特别是恐惧和攻击）有关。记忆法：‘Amy’听起来像‘angry’，可以想成‘愤怒的杏仁核’。
Prefrontal Cortex – The front part of the brain involved in decision-making, impulse control, and personality. It is the ‘brake’ of the brain.
前额叶皮层 – 大脑前部，负责决策、冲动控制和人格，堪称大脑的‘刹车’系统。
4. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Models | 认知心理学：记忆模型
Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) – Memory is divided into sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information flows between them through attention and rehearsal.
多贮库模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin） – 记忆分为感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆。信息通过注意和复述在三个贮库间流动。
Capacity of STM – 7±2 items (Miller’s magic number). Chunking can expand the amount held.
短时记忆容量 – 7±2 个项目（米勒的魔法数字）。组块化可以扩大可保持的信息量。
Duration of STM – About 18-30 seconds without rehearsal. Rehearsal (maintenance or elaborative) keeps information alive.
短时记忆的保持时间 – 如不复述，大约18–30秒。保持性复述或精细复述能让信息留存更久。
Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch) – Replaces the idea of a single STM with components: central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer. Think of a busy office with different assistants.
工作记忆模型（Baddeley & Hitch） – 用中央执行器、语音回路、视空间画板和情境缓冲器替代单一的短时记忆。可以想象一个忙碌的办公室，各个助手各司其职。
Proactive and Retroactive Interference – n the way). Retroactive: new learning disrupts old (Retro = backward, new pushes out old).
前摄干扰与倒摄干扰 – 前摄：旧记忆干扰新记忆（Pro = 向前，过去的先闯进来）；倒摄：新记忆干扰旧记忆（Retro = 向后，新的把旧的挤掉）。
5. Social Psychology: Conformity and Obedience | 社会心理学：从众与服从
Conformity – A change in behaviour or belief due to real or imagined group pressure. Types: compliance (public, not private), identification (temporary, group membership), internalisation (true acceptance).
从众 – 由于真实或想象的群体压力而改变行为或信念。类型：依从（表面顺从）、认同（为了归属群体）、内化（真心接受）。
Asch’s Line Study – Participants conformed to an obviously wrong group answer about 37% of the time. Factors influencing conformity: group size, unanimity, task difficulty.
阿希线条实验 – 被试在大约37%的尝试中屈从于明显错误的群体答案。影响从众的因素：群体规模、一致性、任务难度。
Obedience – Following direct orders from an authority figure. Distinct from conformity because it involves a power hierarchy.
服从 – 听从权威人物的直接命令。与从众不同，它涉及明确的权力层级。
Milgram’s Study – Ordinary people delivered what they believed were dangerous shocks when ordered by an experimenter. Factors: proximity of authority, legitimacy of setting, personal responsibility.
米尔格拉姆实验 – 普通人在实验者的命令下对他人施加他们认为有危险的电击。影响因素：权威的接近性、环境的合法性、个人责任感。
Agentic State – A mental state where individuals see themselves as agents carrying out another person’s wishes, thus feeling less responsible for their actions. ‘I was just following orders.’
代理人状态 – 个体将自己视为执行他人意愿的代理人，从而感到对自己的行为负责较少的心理状态。‘我只是奉命行事。’
6. Developmental Psychology: Attachment | 发展心理学：依恋
Attachment – A strong, enduring emotional bond between infant and caregiver, which promotes survival. Bowlby argued it is innate and has a critical period.
依恋 – 婴儿与照料者之间强烈、持久的情感纽带，具有生存功能。鲍尔比认为它是天生的，且有关键期。
Secure Attachment – Child explores freely when caregiver is present, shows distress when caregiver leaves, and is quickly comforted upon return. Related to sensitive responsiveness.
安全型依恋 – 照料者在场时儿童自由探索，离开时表现出痛苦，返回时能快速得到安抚。与照料者敏感的反应性有关。
Insecure-Avoidant and Insecure-Resistant – Avoidant: child ignores caregiver, shows little distress at separation. Resistant: child clings but resists contact on reunion, showing ambivalence.
不安全回避型与不安全反抗型 – 回避型：儿童忽视照料者，分离时痛苦不明显。反抗型：儿童既缠人又在重聚时抗拒接触，表现出矛盾情绪。
Strange Situation (Ainsworth) – A controlled observational procedure used to assess attachment type through a series of separations and reunions. Mnemonic: ‘Strange’ events reveal the baby’s secure base.
陌生情境法（艾恩斯沃斯） – 通过在婴儿与照料者分离和重聚中的反应来评定依恋类型的控制观察程序。记忆法：‘陌生’的情境能揭示婴儿的安全基地。
Internal Working Model – A mental representation of the self, caregiver, and relationships formed through early attachment. It influences later relationships.
内部工作模型 – 通过早期依恋形成的关于自我、照料者和关系的心理表征，会影响日后的人际关系。
7. Individual Differences: Personality | 个体差异：人格
Personality – An individual’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are relatively stable over time.
人格 – 个体在思维、情感和行为上相对稳定的独特模式。
Eysenck’s PEN Model – Three super-traits: Psychoticism (aggressive, cold), Extraversion (sociable, lively), Neuroticism (anxious, moody). Remember PEN – a writing pen that sketches personality.
艾森克的PEN模型 – 三种超级特质：精神质（攻击、冷漠）、外向性（合群、活泼）、神经质（焦虑、情绪化）。记法：PEN就像一支描绘人格的笔。
Type A and Type B Personality – Type A: competitive, time-urgent, hostile – linked to stress-related illness. Type B: relaxed, patient, less driven. Think ‘A for Ambitious, B for Balanced’.
A型与B型人格 – A型：竞争性强、时间紧迫感、敌意，与压力相关疾病有关。B型：放松、耐心、不那么急迫。记法：‘A for Ambitious（雄心），B for Balanced（沉稳）’。
Locus of Control (Rotter) – Internal: believe you control your own destiny. External: believe outside forces (luck, fate) determine outcomes. ‘Internals drive; Externals ride.’
控制点（罗特） – 内控：相信自己掌控命运。外控：相信外部力量（运气、命运）左右结果。口诀：‘内控掌舵，外控搭车’。
Self-Efficacy (Bandura) – The belief in your own ability to succeed in specific situations. High self-efficacy encourages persistence.
自我效能感（班杜拉） – 对自己在特定情境下取得成功的能力的信念。高自我效能感能增强坚持性。
8. Mental Health: Disorders and Therapies | 心理健康：障碍与疗法
Phobia – An irrational, persistent fear of an object, activity, or situation that leads to avoidance. Classified under anxiety disorders in SQA contexts.
恐惧症 – 对某物体、活动或情境非理性、持续的恐惧，并导致回避行为。在SQA课程中属于焦虑障碍。
Classical Conditioning of Phobias – event (Little Albert: white rat + loud noise → fear). This creates a conditioned response.
恐惧症的经典条件作用 – 中性刺激与恐惧事件建立联系（小阿尔伯特：白鼠+巨响→恐惧），形成条件反应。
Systematic Desensitisation – A behavioural therapy using a fear hierarchy and relaxation techniques to gradually replace fear with calmness. Key term: reciprocal inhibition (cannot be relaxed and anxious simultaneously).
系统脱敏疗法 – 一种行为疗法，利用恐惧层级和放松训练，逐步用平静替代恐惧。关键概念：交互抑制（人无法同时既放松又焦虑）。
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) – A talking therapy that helps patients identify and challenge irrational thoughts (cognitive) and change maladaptive behaviours. Think ‘Think – Feel – Do’ loop.
认知行为疗法 (CBT) – 一种谈话疗法，帮助来访者识别并挑战非理性认知，改变适应不良的行为。联想‘想法–感受–行为’循环。
Depression (Unipolar) – A mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest (anhedonia), and reduced energy. Distinguish from bipolar disorder which involves mania.
抑郁症（单相） – 一种心境障碍，典型症状为持续的情绪低落、兴趣丧失（快感缺失）和精力减退。需与含有躁狂发作的双相障碍相区分。
9. Key Ethical Concepts | 关键伦理概念
Informed Consent – Participants should be given full information about the study’s aims and procedures before agreeing to take part. For under-16s, parental consent is required.
知情同意 – 被试在同意参与前应获得关于研究目的和程序的充分信息。未满16岁者须获得父母同意。
Right to Withdraw – Participants can stop participating at any time without penalty. Data collected up to that point may also be destroyed if requested.
退出权 – 被试可随时退出研究而不受任何惩罚，并且可要求销毁已收集的数据。
Deception – Sometimes necessary to avoid demand characteristics, but must be justified and followed by a full debrief. Unacceptable if cause physical or severe psychological harm.
欺骗 – 有时为避免需求特征而必须使用，但必须充分说明理由并在实验后彻底复盘。如果导致身体或严重心理伤害则绝不可接受。
Confidentiality – Personal data must be kept secure and anonymous; participants are usually identified by codes, not names.
保密 – 个人数据必须安全保存、匿名处理；被试通常用编码而非真实姓名标识。
Protection from Harm – Researchers must ensure psychological and physical well-being; risk of harm should be no greater than in everyday life. NHS and BPS guidelines apply.
免受伤害保障 – 研究者必须确保心理与生理安全；伤害风险不得高于日常生活水平。遵循NHS和BPS相关准则。
10. Statistical Terms & Data Analysis | 统计术语与数据分析
Mean, Median, Mode – Mean: arithmetic average (sum ÷ number). Median: middle value in ordered data. Mode: most frequent score. ‘Mean gets the cream, median splits the scene, mode is what you see the most.’
平均数、中位数、众数 – 平均数：算术平均值（总和÷个数）。中位数：排序后中间的值。众数：出现次数最多的值。口诀：‘平均是奶油，中位切蛋糕，众数看得最多。’
Range – A measure of dispersion: difference between the highest and lowest score. Easy to calculate but affected by outliers.
全距 – 离散量数：最高分与最低分之差。计算简单但易受极端值影响。
Standard Deviation – A more sophisticated measure of spread that tells you how far, on average, scores deviate from the mean. A low SD means data are tightly clustered.
标准差 – 更精确的离散指标，表示分数平均偏离平均数的程度。标准差越小，数据越集中。
Bar Chart vs Histogram – Bar chart: used for discrete (categorical) data, gaps between bars. Histogram: used for continuous data, bars touch. Think ‘Gaps for groups, touch for trends.’
条形图与直方图 – 条形图：用于离散（分类）数据，柱间有间隙。直方图：用于连续数据，柱条紧贴。口诀：‘分类有间距，连续紧相依。’
Correlation Coefficient – A number between -1 and +1 that describes the strength and direction of a relationship. It does not imply causation!
相关系数 – 介于–1 到 +1 之间的数字，描述关系的方向和强度。注意：相关不等于因果！
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