📚 Year 12 CIE French: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Manual | CIE 法语：公式定理速查手册
This revision guide reframes essential Year 12 CIE French grammar rules as ready-to-use formulas and theorems. Each section states a pattern as a 'formula', illustrates it with examples, and then explains the rule in both English and Chinese to aid memorisation and exam accuracy.
本复习手册将 CIE 法语 Year 12 阶段的核心语法规则重新编排为可直接套用的公式与定理。每个小节都给出一种结构模式作为“公式”，辅以例句，并用英中双语解释规则，帮助记忆并提高考试准确性。
1. Present Tense Regular Verbs – The Base Formula | 现在时规则动词 – 基础公式
The present tense of regular -er, -ir and -re verbs can be reduced to a stem-plus-ending formula. First, identify the stem by removing the infinitive ending, then add the correct person ending.
规则动词（-er, -ir, -re）的现在时可归纳为“词干+词尾”公式。先去掉不定式词尾得到词干，再加上相应的人称词尾。
-er verbs: stem + [-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent]
-ir verbs (finir type): stem + [-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent]
-re verbs: stem + [-s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent]
| Subject | parler (to speak) | finir (to finish) | vendre (to sell) |
|---|---|---|---|
| je | parle | finis | vends |
| tu | parles | finis | vends |
| il/elle/on | parle | finit | vend |
| nous | parlons | finissons | vendons |
| vous | parlez | finissez | vendez |
| ils/elles | parlent | finissent | vendent |
Note the 'boot' pattern for -ir verbs: the plural stems often add -iss-. This formula gives you the tools to conjugate hundreds of verbs accurately.
注意 -ir 动词的“靴形”模式：复数词干通常加 -iss-。这个公式为你提供准确变位数百个动词的工具。
2. Passé Composé Formation Rule | 复合过去时构成规则
The passé composé formula combines an auxiliary verb (avoir or être) in the present tense with the past participle of the main verb. For most verbs the auxiliary is avoir; a set of 'Dr. & Mrs. Vandertramp' verbs use être and require past participle agreement with the subject.
复合过去时的公式是助动词 (avoir 或 être) 的现在时加上主动词的过去分词。大多数动词用 avoir；一组特定的“être 动词” (Dr. & Mrs. Vandertramp) 用 être，且过去分词需与主语性数配合。
Formula: (subject) + auxiliary (present) + past participle
| Verb group | Past participle ending | Example (il) | Example (elle) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -er | -é | il a parlé | elle est allée |
| -ir | -i | il a fini | elle est sortie |
| -re | -u | il a vendu | elle est descendue |
With être verbs, add -e for feminine, -s for plural, -es for feminine plural to the past participle. The placement of negation wraps around the auxiliary: ne + auxiliary + pas + past participle.
对 être 动词，过去分词需加 -e (阴性)、-s (复数) 或 -es (阴性复数)。否定结构包裹助动词：ne + 助动词 + pas + 过去分词。
3. Imperfect Tense – The Background Formula | 未完成过去时 – 背景描述公式
The imperfect is built on the 'nous' form stem of the present tense. Remove the -ons ending, then add the imperfect endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. This 'one stem fits all' rule works for nearly every verb, including stem-changers.
未完成过去时建立在现在时 “nous” 形词干上。去掉 -ons 词尾，加上未完成过去时词尾：-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。这个“一词干通用”的规则适用于几乎所有动词，包括词干变化动词。
Formula: nous-stem + [-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient]
Example: finir → nous finissons → stem finiss- → je finissais. The only irregular stem is être (ét-), giving j'étais, tu étais, etc. Use the imperfect for descriptions, habitual actions, and ongoing past states.
例如：finir → nous finissons → 词干 finiss- → je finissais。唯一不规则词干是 être (ét-)，构成 j'étais 等。未完成过去时用于描写、习惯动作和持续的状态。
4. Future Simple – The Infinitive Plus Ending Formula | 简单将来时 – 不定式加词尾公式
The simple future is one of the easiest tenses to form: take the whole infinitive (minus any final -e for -re verbs) and add the endings -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. This works as a reliable formula for the vast majority of verbs.
简单将来时是最容易构成的时态之一：取整个不定式（-re 动词去掉词尾的 -e），加上词尾 -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。对于绝大多数动词，这是一个可靠的公式。
Formula: infinitive (or modified stem) + [-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont]
| Type | Base | je | nous |
|---|---|---|---|
| regular -er | parler- | je parlerai | nous parlerons |
| -re (e removed) | vendr- | je vendrai | nous vendrons |
| irregular stems | aur-, ser-, ir-, fer-, etc. | j'aurai | nous serons |
Common irregular future stems include avoir → aur-, ê faire → fer-, and vouloir → voudr-. These still obey the same -ai, -as ... ending formula.
常见不规则将来时词干包括 avoir → aur-，être → ser-，aller → ir-，faire → fer- 以及 vouloir → voudr-。它们依然遵循相同的 -ai, -as ... 词尾公式。
5. Conditional Present – The Hypothetical Formula | 条件式现在时 – 假设公式
The conditional present acts like a mathematical function: apply the future stem and then add the imperfect endings. This rule makes the conditional extremely predictable once you know the future tense.
条件式现在时像一个数学函数：采用将来时词干，然后加上未完成过去时的词尾。这个规则使条件式变得极其可预测，只要你会将来时。
Formula: future stem + imperfect endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)
For regular -er verbs: je parlerais, tu parlerais, il parlerait, nous parlerions, vous parleriez, ils parleraient. The irregular stems follow the same pattern: je serais, tu aurais, il ferait, nous voudrions. The conditional is used to express polite requests, hypotheses and 'if ... then' constructions.
对于规则 -er 动词：je parlerais, tu parlerais 等。不规则词干同样适用：je serais, tu aurais, il ferait, nous voudrions。条件式用于表达礼貌请求、假设和“如果……那么……”结构。
6. Present Subjunctive – The Doubt & Emotion Formula | 虚拟式现在时 – 怀疑与情感公式
The subjunctive mood can be seen as a 'trigger' formula: it appears after certain expressions of doubt, desire, necessity or emotion. The formation rule uses the 'ils/elles' present stem and adds the endings -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
虚拟语气可视为一种“触发”公式：出现在某些表怀疑、愿望、必要或情感的短语之后。构成规则使用“ils/elles”现在时词干，加上词尾 -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent。
Formula: ils/elles present stem + [-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent]
→ ils prennent → stem prenn- → que nous prenions. The common irregular subjunctive forms (être → que je sois, avoir → que j'aie, aller → que j'aille) must be memorised, but many verbs follow the pattern.
例如：finir → ils finissent → 词干 finiss- → que je finisse；prendre → ils prennent → 词干 prenn- → que nous prenions。常见不规则虚拟式形式（être → que je sois 等）需单独记忆，但许多动词遵循此模式。
7. Negation – The "Ne ... Pas" Sandwich Rule | 否定式 – “Ne ... Pas” 三明治规则
French negation operates as a two-part structure that encircles the conjugated verb (or the auxiliary in compound tenses). This 'sandwich' formula can be extended with other negative expressions such as ne ... rien, ne ... personne, ne ... jamais.
法语否定式是一个两部分的包围结构，包裹变位动词（复合时态中包裹助动词）。这个“三明治”公式可扩展为 ne ... rien、ne ... personne、ne ... jamais 等表达。
Basic formula: ne + conjugated verb + pas
Present: Je ne parle pas anglais. Passé composé: Je n'ai pas vu le film. Infinitive: ne pas parler. When two pronouns appear, the negation still wraps the verb‑pronoun block: Je ne le lui ai pas donné. The formula remains consistent: ne + (pronouns) + verb + pas.
现在时：Je ne parle pas anglais。复合过去时：Je n'ai pas vu le film。不定式：ne pas parler。当出现双宾语代词时，否定仍然包裹动词-代词块：Je ne le lui ai pas donné。公式保持：ne + (代词) + 动词 + pas。
8. Pronoun Order – The Double Object Pronoun Sequence | 代词顺序 – 双宾语代词序列
When two object pronouns appear before the verb, a fixed sequence rule must be followed. This 'pronoun chain' formula is one of the most frequent exam traps and requires memorisation as a strict order.
当两个宾语代词出现在动词前时，必须遵循一个固定的顺序规则。这个“代词链”公式是最常见的考试陷阱之一，需要作为严格的顺序记忆。
Order formula: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en
Affirmative: Je le lui donne. Negative: Je ne le lui donne pas. In the passé composé with pronouns, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun: Je les ai vues (les refers to feminine plural). The sequence must become automatic.
肯定：Je le lui donne。否定：Je ne le lui donne pas。在代词类复合过去时中，过去分词要与前置的直接宾语代词性数配合：Je les ai vues（les 指复数阴性）。这个顺序必须变成自动反应。
9. Question Formation – Three Ways to Ask | 疑问句构成 – 三种提问方式
Asking questions in French follows three formulaic approaches, each with a distinct register. Mastering these three patterns allows you to switch smoothly between informal, standard and formal contexts.
法语提问遵循三种公式化方法，每种对应不同的语级。掌握这三种模式可让你在非正式、标准和正式语境间自如切换。
Formula 1 (informal): Statement + rising intonation? | 语调上扬
Formula 2 (standard): Est-ce que + statement? | 加 Est-ce que
Formula 3 (formal): Inversion: (verb)-(subject) ...?
Examples: Tu aimes le chocolat? → Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat? → Aimes-tu le chocolat? With a compound tense, only the auxiliary inverts: As-tu aimé le chocolat? If using a noun, you must add a pronoun: Paul aime-t-il le chocolat? These three formulas cover all question needs.
例句：Tu aimes le chocolat? → Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat? → Aimes-tu le chocolat? 复合时态只倒装助动词：As-tu aimé le chocolat? 如果用名词作主语，必须加代词：Paul aime-t-il le chocolat? 这三个公式覆盖所有提问需求。
10. Si Clauses – The Conditional Sequence Theorem | Si 从句 – 条件句序列定理
Si clauses operate as a matching algorithm between tenses. The 'if' part determines the possible tense in the main clause. These pairings can be learned as three fixed sequences.
Si 从句像一种时态匹配算法，“如果”部分决定了主句的可能时态。这些搭配可归类为三种固定序列。
Sequence 1 (realistic): si + present → present / future / imperative
Sequence 2 (hypothetical): si + imperfect → conditional present
Sequence 3 (past imagined): si + pluperfect → conditional perfect
Example 1: S'il pleut, je reste / resterai / reste! Example 2: Si j'avais de l'argent, j'achèterais une voiture. Example 3: Si j'avais su, je serais venu plus tôt. Never use si + conditionnel in the si part; the formula forbids that pairing.
例句1：S'il pleut, je reste / resterai / reste! 例句2：Si j'avais de l'argent, j'achèterais une voiture。例句3：Si j'avais su, je serais venu plus tôt。绝不可以在 si 部分使用条件式；这个公式禁止该搭配。
11. Adjective Agreement – The Gender and Number Rule | 形容词配合 – 性数一致规则
Adjective agreement follows a fundamental theorem: adjectives must match the noun in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural). Most adjectives add -e for feminine, -s for plural and -es for feminine plural to the masculine singular form.
形容词配合遵循一条基本定理：形容词必须在性（阳/阴）和数（单/复）上与名词一致。大多数形容词在阳性单数基础上加 -e 变阴性，加 -s 变复数，加 -es 变阴性复数。
Formula: masc. sing. form + (-e) + (-s) / irregular patterns
| masc. sing. | fem. sing. | masc. pl. | fem. pl. |
|---|---|---|---|
| petit | petite | petits | petites |
| sérieux | sérieuse | sérieux | sérieuses |
| blanc | blanche | blancs | blanches |
ut they still obey the theorem of agreement. Position rules: most adjectives follow the noun, except a small group (BAGS – beauty, age, goodness, size) that precede it.
不规则形容词 (beau → belle, vieux → vieille) 需单独记忆，但仍遵循配合定理。位置规则：多数形容词位于名词之后，只有一小类“BAGS”形容词（美、龄、善、尺寸）前置。
12. Relative Pronouns – The Connector Rules | 关系代词 – 连接规则
Relative pronouns serve as linking formulas that join two clauses. The choice depends on the function of the noun being replaced: qui for subject, que for direct object, dont for de + noun, and lequel/laquelle after prepositions.
关系代词作为连接两个句子的公式。选择取决于被替代名词的句法功能：qui 代主语，que 代直接宾语，dont 代 de + 名词，lequel/laquelle 用于介词后。
Formula: qui (subject) / que (object) / dont (de) / prep + lequel
Examples: La femme qui parle est ma tante. Le livre que j'ai lu est passionnant. Le garçon dont je t'ai parlé est ici. La table sur laquelle tu as posé ton sac est ancienne. When the antecedent is a person, qui can follow a preposition: l'homme chez qui je suis allé.
例句：La femme qui parle est ma tante。Le livre que j'ai lu est passionnant。Le garçon dont je t'ai parlé est ici。La table sur laquelle tu as posé ton sac est ancienne。先行词指人时，介词后可接 qui：l'homme chez qui je suis allé。
Published by TutorHao | French Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图