📚 SQA Economics Year 11 Glossary Guide | SQA 经济 11 年级词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your SQA Year 11 Economics glossary and memory guide. Economics exams reward precise terminology and clear understanding. This article pairs essential concepts with simple mnemonics, acronyms and visual hooks, so you can recall definitions quickly and use them accurately in the exam.
欢迎使用 SQA 11 年级经济学词汇速记指南。经济学考试看重术语的准确与概念清晰。本文为核心概念配上了简短口诀、字母缩写和联想画面，帮你快速记住定义，在考场上精准运用。
1. The Basic Economic Problem | 基本经济问题
Scarcity is the central idea: resources are limited, but human wants are unlimited. A useful mnemonic is 'SCARCE' – Supply Cannot Always Reach Consumer Expectations. Scarcity forces every economy to answer what, how and for whom to produce.
稀缺性是核心概念：资源有限，欲望无限。实用的速记法是 'SCARCE' —— 供给永远无法满足消费者的所有期望。稀缺迫使每个经济体回答生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产。
Choice arises from scarcity, and every choice has an opportunity cost – the value of the next best alternative foregone. Think 'O' for 'Opportunity lost'; whenever you make a decision, something is given up.
选择源于稀缺，每个选择都有机会成本——放弃的次优选择的价值。把 'O' 想成 '失去的机会'（Opportunity lost）；每当你做决定，总得放弃些什么。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The four factors are land, labour, capital and enterprise. The acronym 'CELL' – Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour – helps you list them in any order. Land covers natural resources, labour is human effort, capital is man-made aids for production, and enterprise is the risk-taking ability to organise the other three.
四种生产要素是土地、劳动、资本和企业精神。用缩写 'CELL' —— 资本 (Capital)、企业精神 (Enterprise)、土地 (Land)、劳动 (Labour) 记住它们。土地指自然资源，劳动是人力付出，资本是用于生产的人造工具，企业精神是组织其他要素并承担风险的能力。
3. Demand and Quantity Demanded | 需求与需求量
Demand is the whole curve showing the quantities consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. When a non-price factor changes, the entire demand curve shifts. The phrase 'Demand shifts, quantity slides' stops you confusing movements along the curve with shifts.
需求是显示消费者在不同价格下愿意并能购买的数量的一条完整曲线。当一个非价格因素变化时，整条需求曲线移动。记住口诀 '需求移动，需求量滑动'，这样就不会混淆曲线移动和沿线滑动。
Quantity demanded is just a single point on the curve, caused only by a change in the good's own price. The law of demand states that as price rises, quantity demanded falls (inverse relationship). Visualise a downward-sloping line.
需求量只是曲线上的一个点，仅由商品自身价格变化引起。需求定律表明价格上升，需求量下降（反向关系）。想象一条向下倾斜的线。
Major demand shifters can be recalled with 'PIRATES' – Population, Income, Related goods (substitutes and complements), Advertising, Tastes, Expectations, Seasons.
影响需求移动的主要因素可用 'PIRATES' 速记——人口、收入、相关商品价格、广告、偏好、预期、季节。
4. Supply and Quantity Supplied | 供给与供给量
Supply is the relationship between price and the quantity producers are willing to sell. As with demand, a shift of the whole supply curve happens when a non-price determinant changes. 'Supply shifts, quantity slides' applies here too.
供给是价格与生产者愿意出售的数量之间的关系。和需求一样，非价格决定因素变化时整条供给曲线移动。这里同样适用 '供给移动，供给量滑动'。
Quantity supplied is a movement along the supply curve caused by a change in the good's own price. The law of supply says higher price leads to higher quantity supplied – imagine an upward-sloping line.
供给量是由商品自身价格变化引起的沿着供给曲线的移动。供给定律指出价格越高，供给量越大——想象一条向上倾斜的线。
Key supply shifters: use 'PINTS WC' – Productivity, Indirect taxes, Number of firms, Technology, Subsidies, Weather, Cost of inputs.
供给移动的关键因素：用 'PINTS WC' 记忆——生产率、间接税、厂商数量、技术、补贴、天气、投入成本。
5. Price
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