📚 Year 12 CIE Psychology: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your one‑stop guide for mastering the essential vocabulary in Year 12 CIE Psychology. This article provides clear definitions, memorable mnemonics and quick links to exam relevance, helping you retain key terms across research methods, biological, cognitive, social and learning approaches. Use these pairings actively – say the term aloud, recall the English explanation, then verbalise it in Chinese to build dual‑language confidence.
欢迎来到Year 12 CIE心理学术语速记一站式指南。本文提供清晰的定义、便于记忆的助记法以及与考试相关的快速链接，助你巩固研究方法、生物、认知、社会和学习取向的核心术语。请积极使用这些配对——大声说出术语，回忆英文解释，再用中文复述，以建立双语信心。
1. Research Methods: Variables and Hypotheses | 研究方法：变量与假设
In any experiment, you must identify the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV). Think of the IV as what you manipulate, and the DV as what you measure. An easy mnemonic: 'IV – I change, DV – Data collected'. A null hypothesis states there is no effect, while an alternative/experimental hypothesis predicts an effect.
在任何实验中，你必须确定自变量（IV）和因变量（DV）。自变量是你操纵的变量，因变量是你测量的结果。简易记忆法："IV——我改变，DV——收集数据"。零假设声称没有效应，而备择/实验假设则预测有效应。
Operationalisation means defining variables so they can be precisely measured or manipulated. For example, 'aggression' must be operationalised as 'number of hits in a 5‑minute session'. Without operationalisation, the experiment cannot be replicated.
操作化 是指对变量进行定义，使其能被精确测量或操纵。例如，"攻击性"需操作化为"5分钟内击打次数"。没有操作化，实验无法被重复。
Confounding variable xtraneous variables, which simply add noise, confounding variables actually distort the IV–DV relationship. Remember 'confounding = confusing'.
混淆变量 是随自变量系统性变化并混淆结果的外部因素。外扰变量只是增加噪音，而混淆变量会真正扭曲自变量–因变量关系。记住"confounding = confusing（混淆即混乱）"。
2. Experimental Design Terms | 实验设计术语
Choosing the right design is vital for internal validity. The three main types are independent groups, repeated measures and matched pairs.
选择正确设计对内部效度至关重要。主要三种类型为独立组、重复测量和匹配对。
Independent groups design uses different participants in each condition. The risk is participant variables (individual differences). Think 'independent gorillas go to different trees' – each gorilla (participant) only experiences one condition.
独立组设计 每个条件使用不同的被试。风险是参与者的个体差异。联想"独立的猩猩去不同的树"——每只猩猩（被试）只经历一种条件。
Repeated measures design has the same participants in all conditions. This controls for participant variables but introduces order effects. Picture repeating the same song – you might get bored (fatigue) or better (practice). To counter order effects, use counterbalancing.
重复测量设计 让同一组被试参与所有条件。这控制了参与者变量，但会带来顺序效应。想象重复播放同一首歌——你可能会厌倦（疲劳）或唱得更好（练习）。为平衡顺序效应，可采用抵消平衡。
Matched pairs design pairs participants on a relevant characteristic and then splits them. Like pairing twins for different conditions. It combines strengths but is time‑consuming.
匹配对设计 将参与者在相关特征上配对，再分到不同条件。如同让双胞胎分别参与不同条件。综合了两者优点，但耗时。
3. Sampling Techniques | 取样方法
A sample is a subset of the target population. The method affects representativeness and generalisability.
样本是目标总体的子集。取样方法影响代表性和推广性。
Random sampling gives everyone an equal chance. Think of a lottery machine – it reduces bias. However, it can still be unrepresentative by chance.
随机取样 让每个人都有均等机会。想象摇奖机——可减少偏差。但偶然也可能缺乏代表性。
Opportunity sampling uses whoever is available, e.g. the first 10 students in the library. It's quick but often biased. 'Opportunity' sounds like 'open door' – you take whoever walks in.
便捷取样 利用任何可接触到的人，例如图书馆前10名学生。快捷但常有偏差。"Opportunity" 似 "open door（敞开的门）"——谁进来就选谁。
Volunteer sampling relies on self‑selection – often through advertisements. It may attract a certain personality type, creating volunteer bias. Remember volunteers raise their hands.
志愿者取样 依赖自我选择，常通过
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