📚 Year 11 SQA Business: Key Terms & Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | SQA 商务词汇术语速记指南
Mastering business terminology is vital for success in the SQA National 5 and Higher Business Management course. This guide groups essential key terms by topic and provides practical memory tricks to help you retain them for exams, class discussions and assignments.
掌握商务术语对于在 SQA National 5 和 Higher 商务管理课程中取得成功至关重要。本指南按主题归纳了核心关键术语，并提供实用的记忆技巧，帮助你在考试、课堂讨论和作业中牢记它们。
1. Understanding Business Activity | 理解商业活动
A need is an essential item for survival, such as food, water and shelter. A want is a non-essential desire that improves the quality of life but is not necessary to stay alive.
需要是生存所必需的物品，如食物、水和住所。欲望是提高生活质量但并非生存所需的非必需愿望。
Goods are tangible products you can touch, like a smartphone or a pair of shoes. Services are intangible activities performed for you, such as a haircut or a bus journey.
商品是你可以触摸的有形产品，如智能手机或一双鞋。服务是为你执行的无形活动，例如理发或乘坐公交出行。
The factors of production are land (natural resources), labour (workforce), capital (man-made equipment and machinery) and enterprise (the role of the entrepreneur). Remember the acronym 'CELL' — Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour — to recall them quickly.
生产要素包括土地（自然资源）、劳动力（工作者）、资本（人造设备和机器）和企业（企业家的角色）。记住首字母缩写 'CELL' —— 资本（Capital）、企业（Enterprise）、土地（Land）、劳动力（Labour），以便快速回忆。
An entrepreneur is someone who takes the risk of starting and running a business, combining the other factors of production to create goods or services.
企业家是承担创办和经营企业风险的人，他将其它生产要素结合起来创造商品或服务。
2. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织类型
A sole trader is a business owned and controlled by one person. The owner has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets can be used to pay business debts.
个体经营者是由一人拥有并控制的企业。所有者承担无限责任，这意味着个人资产可被用于偿还企业债务。
A partnership involves 2–20 people sharing ownership and responsibility. Like a sole trader, partners usually have unlimited liability unless a limited liability partnership is formed.
合伙企业涉及 2 至 20 人共同拥有并分担责任。与个体经营者类似，合伙人通常承担无限责任，除非成立了有限责任合伙企业。
A private limited company (Ltd) sells shares privately and has 'Ltd' after its name. Shareholders have limited liability, so they only risk losing the money they invested.
私人有限公司（Ltd）私下出售股份，名称后带有 'Ltd'。股东承担有限责任，因此他们只冒失去其投资金额的风险。
A public limited company (plc) can sell shares to the public on the stock exchange. It must have 'plc' in its name and provides limited liability to shareholders.
公众有限公司（plc）可在证券交易所向公众出售股票。其名称中必须带有 'plc'，并为股东提供有限责任。
To remember the difference between Ltd and plc, think: Ltd is 'Limited' to a private circle; plc is 'Public' and can be traded widely.
要记住 Ltd 与 plc 的区别，可以这样想：Ltd 的 'Limited' 指限于私人圈子；plc 是 'Public'，可以广泛交易。
3. Business Objectives & Stakeholders | 商业目标与利益相关者
Common business objectives include survival, profit maximisation, growth, increasing market share and providing a service. Objectives give a business direction and a sense of purpose.
常见的商业目标包括生存、利润最大化、成长、增加市场份额以及提供服务。目标为企业指明方向并赋予其使命感。
A stakeholder is any individual or group that has an interest in or is affected by a business's activities. Key stakeholders include owners, employees, customers, suppliers, the local community and the government.
利益相关者是对企业活动感兴趣或受其影响的任何个人或群体。主要利益相关者包括所有者、员工、客户、供应商、当地社区和政府。
Stakeholder conflict can occur when different groups have opposing interests — for example, employees want higher wages while owners want to keep costs low.
当不同群体拥有对立的利益时可能发生利益相关者冲突——例如，员工希望提高工资而所有者希望保持低成本。
Memory tip: the word 'stakeholder' can be broken into 'stake' (interest) and 'holder' (those who hold it). Think of everyone holding a stake in the business pie.
记忆技巧：单词 'stakeholder' 可拆分为 'stake'（利益）和 'holder'（持有者）。想象每个人都持有企业这块蛋糕的一部分。
4. Market Research Methods | 市场调研方法
Primary research (field research) involves gathering new, first-hand data directly from the source. Examples include questionnaires, interviews and focus groups.
一手调研（实地调研）涉及直接从源头收集新的第一手数据。示例包括问卷调查、访谈和焦点小组。
Secondary research (desk research) uses existing data that has already been collected by others, such as government reports, newspapers and internal company records.
二手调研（案头调研）使用他人已收集的现有数据，例如政府报告、报纸和公司内部记录。
Quantitative data is numerical and can be measured, such as the number of customers or sales figures. Qualitative data is descriptive and explores opinions, feelings and attitudes.
定量数据是可测量的数值数据，如客户数量或销售额。定性数据是描述性的，探究观点、感受和态度。
Recall the difference by the root: quantitative ➞ quantity (countable); qualitative ➞ quality (descriptive).
通过词根来区分：quantitative ➞ quantity（可计数）；qualitative ➞ quality（描述性的）。
5. The Marketing Mix (4Ps) | 营销组合 (4Ps)
The marketing mix consists of four elements that businesses use to achieve their marketing objectives: Product, Price, Place and Promotion. The 4Ps must work together to meet customer needs.
营销组合由企业用来实现营销目标的四个要素构成：产品、价格、渠道和促销。这 4P 必须协同作用以满足客户需求。
Product refers to the features, quality, design and branding of the good or service. Price is how much customers pay and must reflect the product's value and cost structure.
产品指商品或服务的功能、质量、设计和品牌。价格是顾客支付的金额，必须反映产品的价值和成本结构。
Place describes how the product reaches the customer, including distribution channels and location. Promotion covers advertising, sales promotions, public relations and direct marketing.
渠道描述产品如何到达客户，包括分销渠道和地点。促销涵盖广告、促销活动、公共关系和直接营销。
A quick memory tip is simply to whisper 'Product, Price, Place, Promotion' each time you pass a shop — sound repetition aids recall.
一个快速的记忆技巧是每次路过商店时都默念 '产品、价格、渠道、促销' —— 声音重复有助于回忆。
6. Financial Terms & Profitability | 财务术语与盈利能力
Revenue is the income a business earns from selling its products. It is calculated as the selling price multiplied by the quantity sold.
收入是企业通过销售产品获得的收益。其计算方式为售价乘以销售数量。
Costs are the expenses a business incurs. Fixed costs stay the same regardless of output (e.g. rent), while variable costs change with production levels (e.g. raw materials).
成本是企业产生的支出。固定成本无论产出多少都保持不变（如租金），而可变成本随生产水平变化（如原材料）。
Total costs are the sum of fixed costs and variable costs. Profit shows the financial gain once all costs are deducted from revenue.
总成本是固定成本与可变成本之和。利润显示从收入中扣除所有成本后的财务收益。
Profit = Total Revenue − Total Costs
利润 = 总收入 − 总成本
Break-even is the point where total revenue equals total costs, so the business makes neither a profit nor a loss. The formula uses the contribution per unit (selling price − variable cost):
盈亏平衡点是总收入等于总成本的点，此时企业既不盈利也不亏损。该公式使用单位边际贡献（售价 − 可变成本）：
Break-even point = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price − Variable Cost per unit)
盈亏平衡点 = 固定成本 ÷ (售价 − 单位可变成本)
To memorise these formulas, picture the break-even point as a see-saw that levels out when revenues and costs balance — no profit on either side.
要记住这些公式，可以把盈亏平衡点想象成一个在收入与成本平衡时持平的天平——两边都没有利润。
7. Sources of Finance | 融资来源
Internal finance comes from within the business: retained profit (profit kept after dividends), the sale of assets, or tighter working capital control. It avoids borrowing costs and external interference.
内部融资来自企业内部：留存利润（分红后留存的利润）、资产出售或更严格的营运资本控制。它避免了借款成本和外部干预。
External finance is raised outside the business, including bank loans, overdrafts, share issues, leasing, hire purchase and government grants.
外部融资从企业外部筹集，包括银行贷款、透支、发行股票、租赁、分期付款购买和政府补贴。
Remember internal sources start with 'I' for 'Inside'; external sources rely on 'E' for 'External' helpers, such as banks and investors.
记住内部来源的 'I' 代表 'Inside'（内部）；外部来源依靠 'E' 代表 'External'（外部）帮助者，如银行和投资者。
Short-term finance (e.g. overdraft) is used for day-to-day needs and repaid within a year. Long-term finance (e.g. share capital) is used for major investment and repaid over many years.
短期融资（如透支）用于日常需求，在一年内偿还。长期融资（如股本）用于重大投资，在多年内偿还。
8. Human Resource Management | 人力资源管理
Recruitment is the process of attracting and selecting the right people for a job. It begins with a job description and person specification, followed by advertising and shortlisting candidates.
招聘是吸引并选拔适合职位的人才的过程。它从职位描述和人员规格说明书开始，然后是广告发布和候选人筛选。
Training improves employees’ skills and knowledge. On-the-job training takes place while doing the work; off-the-job training happens away from the workplace, such as at a college.
培训提升员工的技能和知识。在职培训在工作过程中进行；脱产培训在工作场所外进行，例如在学校。
Motivation theories explain how to encourage employees. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests people are motivated by physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation needs in that order.
激励理论解释如何鼓励员工。马斯洛的需求层次理论表明，人们依次受生理需求、安全需求、社交需求、尊重需求和自我实现需求的激励。
Use the mnemonic 'Please Stop Standing Still Silly' to recall Maslow’s five levels: Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-actualisation.
使用记忆口诀 'Please Stop Standing Still Silly' 来回忆马斯洛的五个层次：生理（Physiological）、安全（Safety）、社交（Social）、尊重（Esteem）、自我实现（Self-actualisation）。
9. Operations & Quality | 运营与质量
Operations management controls the transformation of inputs (resources) into outputs (finished goods or services). Three main production methods are job, batch and flow production.
运营管理控制将投入（资源）转化为产出（制成品或服务）的过程。三种主要的生产方式是单件生产、批量生产和流水生产。
Job production creates a unique, one-off product to customer specifications. Batch production makes groups of identical items together. Flow production involves continuous movement along an assembly line.
单件生产根据客户规格制造独一无二的产品。批量生产成组地制作相同产品。流水生产涉及沿着装配线的连续移动。
Quality control inspects finished products for defects. Quality assurance builds quality into every stage of production by checking processes, not just the final output.
质量控制检查成品是否存在缺陷。质量保证通过检查流程而不仅仅是最终产出，将质量融入生产的每个阶段。
Think 'QC = Checking after, QA = Assurance throughout' to keep the two straight.
用 'QC = 事后检查, QA = 全程保证' 来区分这两者。
10. External Influences on Business | 外部环境影响
Businesses are affected by factors beyond their control. PESTEC analysis groups these into Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Competitive factors.
企业受其无法控制的因素影响。PESTEC 分析将这些因素分为政治、经济、社会、技术、环境和竞争因素。
Political factors include government policies, taxation and legislation. Economic factors cover interest rates, inflation and exchange rates, which influence demand and costs.
政治因素包括政府政策、税收和立法。经济因素涵盖利率、通货膨胀和汇率，它们影响需求和成本。
Social factors relate to changes in lifestyle, demographics and consumer attitudes. Technological factors involve automation, digital platforms and innovation that alter how businesses operate.
社会因素涉及生活方式、人口统计和消费者态度的变化。技术因素涉及自动化、数字平台和改变企业运营方式的创新。
To remember PESTEC, create a silly sentence: 'Practise English Spelling To Earn Candy' — Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Competitive.
要记住 PESTEC，可以编一个有趣的句子：'Pandas Eat Strawberry Treats Every Christmas' —— Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Competitive。
11. Business Plans & Strategy | 商业计划与战略
A business plan is a written document that outlines the business idea, objectives, market research, financial forecasts and operational details. It helps secure finance and guides decision-making.
商业计划是一份书面文件，概述了经营理念、目标、市场调研、财务预测和运营细节。它有助于获取融资并指导决策。
SMART objectives are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. For example, 'Increase sales by 10% within 12 months' is a SMART goal.
SMART 目标是具体、可衡量、可实现、相关且有时限的。例如，“在 12 个月内将销售额提高 10%”就是一个 SMART 目标。
A SWOT analysis examines internal Strengths and Weaknesses, alongside external Opportunities and Threats. It provides a quick overview of a business’s current position.
SWOT 分析审视内部的优势（Strengths）与劣势（Weaknesses），以及外部的机会（Opportunities）与威胁（Threats）。它提供了企业当前状况的快速概览。
Recall SWOT by noting that Strengths and Weaknesses are internal (inside the business), while Opportunities and Threats are external (outside the business).
通过注意优势与劣势是内部的（企业内），而机会与威胁是外部的（企业外），来记住 SWOT。
12. Quick Memory Techniques | 快速记忆技巧
Mnemonics turn lists of terms into memorable phrases or acronyms. For example, 'CELL' helps recall the factors of production, and PESTEC can be remembered with a funny sentence.
记忆术将术语列表转化为易记的短语或首字母缩写。例如，'CELL' 帮助回忆生产要素，PESTEC 可以通过一个有趣的句子记住。
Mind maps connect key topics visually. Start with a central idea like 'Marketing' and draw branches for the 4Ps, adding images and colours to strengthen recall.
思维导图将关键主题以视觉方式联系起来。从像“市场营销”这样的中心概念出发，画出 4P 的分支，添加图像和颜色以增强记忆。
Flashcards (cue cards) work well for definitions. Write the term on one side and a concise definition plus a memory tip on the other; test yourself regularly.
闪卡（提示卡）对记忆定义很有效。在一面写上术语，在另一面写上简洁的定义和记忆提示；定期自测。
Spaced repetition revisits material at increasing intervals over time. Review business terms after one day, then after three days, a week, and a month to transfer them to long-term memory.
间隔重复法随着时间的推移以越来越长的间隔复习材料。隔一天、三天、一周和一个月后回顾商务术语，将它们转入长期记忆。
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