📚 SQA Year 11 Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Study Guide | SQA 高二物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering SQA Year 11 Physics is as much about understanding the language as it is about solving equations. This guide breaks down essential terminology into bite-sized, dual-language explanations, paired with memory hooks to speed up revision. Each term is presented in a meaningful context, so you can move from passive recognition to confident application in exams.
掌握 SQA 高二物理不仅在于解题，更在于攻克术语这座大山。本指南将核心词汇拆解为中英双语对照的速记片段，并附上记忆钩子，帮助你在最短时间内将零散概念内化为考场上的精准表达。
1. Scalars and Vectors | 标量与矢量
Scalar – A quantity that only has magnitude (size). Think 'S' for scalar and 'S' for size-only. Examples: distance, speed, mass, energy. If you ignore direction, it's a scalar.
标量 – 只有大小（数值）的物理量。字母 S 联想为“只(Size)看大小”。典型例子如路程、速率、质量、能量。只要你不关心方向，它就是标量。
Vector – A quantity with both magnitude and direction. Visualise an arrow pointing somewhere – the arrow has length (magnitude) and a clear way to point (direction). Displacement, velocity, force and acceleration are vectors.
矢量 – 既有大小又有方向的量。想象一支箭：箭的长度代表大小，箭头指向代表方向。位移、速度、力和加速度都是矢量。
Resultant vector – The single vector that has the same effect as two or more vectors acting together. Tip-to-tail method: place the tail of the second vector at the tip of the first; the resultant goes from the start to the finish.
合矢量 – 能产生与多个矢量共同作用相同效果的一个单独矢量。三角形法则记忆：把第二个矢量的尾部接到第一个矢量的头部，合矢量从起点划向终点。
2. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Displacement (s) – The shortest straight-line distance from start to finish, in a stated direction. It's a vector, unlike distance. If you run a lap of a track and return to the start, displacement is zero.
位移 (s) – 从起点到终点的最短直线距离，并带有明确方向。它是矢量，不同于路程。绕着操场跑一圈回到原点，位移为零。
Velocity (v) – Rate of change of displacement. v = Δs/Δt. If displacement doesn't change (like standing still), velocity is zero. Use Δ (delta) to mean 'change in'.
速度 (v) – 位移的变化率，v = Δs/Δt。如果位移没有变化，速度就为零。Δ（德尔塔）代表“变化量”。
Acceleration (a) – Units are m/s². Negative acceleration is often called deceleration or retardation, but the vector concept is simply acceleration in the opposite direction to motion.
加速度 (a) – 速度的变化率，a = Δv/Δt，单位为 m/s²。负加速度常被称为减速，但物理上更准确地理解为加速度方向与运动方向相反。
Newton's First Law – An object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Think 'inertia' – the resistance to change. A stationary book stays put; a sliding puck on ice keeps sliding if friction were absent.
牛顿第一定律 – 一切物体在没有受到外力或外力平衡时，总保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。惯性就是对运动状态改变的抵抗。静止的书本会保持静止；如果没有摩擦力，滑行的冰球会一直滑下去。
Newton's Second Law – he acceleration (for same mass). Double the mass → half the acceleration (for same force).
牛顿第二定律 – F = m a。不平衡的力使物体产生加速度，方向与力的方向一致。质量不变时，力加倍则加速度加倍；力不变时，质量加倍则加速度减半。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Work done (W) – provided the force is in the direction of motion. Measured in joules (J). If you push a wall and it doesn't move, you've done zero work in physics terms!
做功 (W) – 力使物体沿力的方向移动一段距离时发生的能量转移。W = F d，要求力与移动方向一致。单位是焦耳 (J)。如果推墙而墙不动，物理上做功为零！
Gravitational potential energy (Eₚ) – Energy stored because of an object' n in a gravitational field. Eₚ = m g h. The higher and heavier, the more potential energy.
重力势能 (Eₚ) – 物体由于在重力场中的位置而储存的能量，Eₚ = m g h。物体越高、越重，势能越大。
Kinetic energy (Eₖ) – e the v²: doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy, which is why high-speed collisions are so severe.
动能 (Eₖ) – 物体由于运动而具有的能量，Eₖ = ½ m v²。注意速度平方：速度加倍，动能变为原来的四倍，这也是高速碰撞格外危险的原因。
Power (P) – is the watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s. A more powerful motor does the same work in less time.
功率 (P) – 做功或转移能量的速率，P = E/t 或 W/t，单位是瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。功率越大的发动机，完成同样的功越快。
Efficiency – put energy divided by total input energy, often expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (Eoutput / Einput) × 100%. No real device is 100% efficient; some energy always dissipates as heat.
效率 – 有用输出能量与总输入能量之比，通常用百分数表示：效率 = (Eoutput / Einput) × 100%。真实装置无法达到 100% 效率，总有一部分能量以热的形式耗散。
4. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Current (I) – ; conventional current goes from positive to negative, opposite to electron flow. I = Q/t.
电流 (I) – 电荷的定向移动，单位是安培 (A)。在金属中电流是电子流，但规定的电流方向为正电荷移动方向，与电子流方向相反。I = Q/t。
Voltage (potential difference, V) – Energy transferred per unit charge. Measured in volts (V). Think of voltage as the 'push' that drives charges around a circuit. 1 V = 1 J/C.
电压（电势差，V） – 每单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特 (V)。可以把电压理解成推动电荷在电路中移动的“推力”。1 V = 1 J/C。
Resistance (R) – How much a component opposes current. Measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm' higher resistance when hot because atoms vibrate more, making it harder for electrons to pass.
电阻 (R) – 元件对电流的阻碍作用，单位欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律：V = I R。灯泡的灯丝在热态时电阻较大，因为原子振动加剧使电子更难通过。
Ohm's Law – a constant R = V/I. Non-ohmic conductors like diodes do not obey this linear relationship.
欧姆定律 – 对于温度恒定的固定电阻，通过它的电流与两端电压成正比。正比例图像过原点，R = V/I 恒定。二极管等非欧姆导体不遵循此线性关系。
Series and parallel rules – ... Parallel: voltage same across each branch, currents add, 1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...
串联与并联规律 – 串联：各处电流相同，总电压等于各电压之和，Rₜₒₜₐₗ = R₁ + R₂ + ...；并联：各支路电压相同，总电流等于各支路电流之和，1/Rₜₒₜₐₗ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...
5. Waves: Basic Properties | 波的基本性质
Wavelength (λ) – Distance between two consecutive corresponding points on a wave, such as crest to crest. Measured in metres. Lambda (λ) helps you remember 'length'.
波长 (λ) – 波上两个相邻对应点（如波峰到波峰）之间的距离，单位米。希腊字母 λ 看上去像一把弯曲的尺子，帮你记住“长”。
Frequency (f) – it is hertz (Hz). f = 1/T, where T is the period. High frequency means high-pitched sound.
频率 (f) – 每秒通过某点的完整波列数目，单位赫兹 (Hz)。f = 1/T，T 是周期。频率越高，声音的音调越高。
Amplitude – plitude → more energy. For sound, amplitude relates to loudness; for light, to brightness.
振幅 – 质点偏离平衡位置的最大位移。振幅代表能量：振幅越大，能量越高。对声音来说，振幅决定响度；对光来说，决定亮度。
Transverse wave – Vibration is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Light and all electromagnetic waves are transverse. Imagine a waving rope: hand moves up and down, wave travels sideways.
横波 – 振动方向与能量传播方向垂直。光及所有电磁波都是横波。想象手上下抖动绳子，手上下振动，波却水平传播。
Longitudinal wave – Vibration is parallel to the energy transfer direction. Sound waves are longitudinal. Picture a slinky spring being pushed and pulled: compressions and rarefactions travel along the spring.
纵波 – 振动方向与能量传播方向平行。声波是纵波。想象拉伸弹簧一端快速推拉，产生的疏密相间的区域沿弹簧传播。
6. Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
ansverse. The spectrum in order of decreasing wavelength (increasing frequency): Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. Mnemonic: Red Monkeys In Venice Usually Xpect Grapes.
所有电磁波在真空中均以 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s 的速度传播，且都是横波。按波长减小（频率升高）顺序排列为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。中文口诀：“红(M) 外(M) 线(I) 被(V) 紫(U) 外(X) 搞(G) 混了”可以帮你记忆顺序，但更推荐理解每个波段的特点。
Higher frequency = higher energy. Gamma rays have the highest frequency and most energy; radio waves the lowest. This explains why UV can damage skin while radio waves are safe for broadcasting.
频率越高，能量越大。 伽马射线频率最高，能量最大；无线电波频率最低。因此紫外线会晒伤皮肤，而无线电波对人体安全，可用于广播。
Refraction of EM waves – When a wave passes from one medium to another, its speed changes, causing it to change direction unless it hits the boundary normally. In a glass prism, violet light bends more than red light because its speed is slower in glass; dispersion occurs.
电磁波的折射 – 波从一种介质进入另一种介质时，速度发生变化，导致传播方向改变（除非垂直入射）。在玻璃棱镜中，紫光在玻璃内速度比红光慢，因此偏折更大，产生色散。
7. Nuclear Radiation | 核辐射
Alpha (α) particle – A helium nucleus: 2 protons + 2 neutrons. It has a +2 charge, large mass, and very low penetration (stopped by paper or skin). Highly ionising because of its size and charge.
α 粒子 – 氦原子核，由两个质子和两个中子组成。带 +2 电荷，质量大，穿透力极弱（一张纸或皮肤即可阻挡）。因其质量大、电荷高，电离能力很强。
Beta (β) particle – A fast electron emitted from a nucleus when a neutron turns into a proton. Charge of -1, moderate penetration (stopped by a few mm of aluminium), moderate ionising ability.
β 粒子 – 原子核内一个中子转变成质子时释放出的高速电子。带 -1 电荷，穿透力中等（几毫米铝板即可阻挡），电离能力中等。
Gamma (γ) ray – High-energy electromagnetic wave, no mass, no charge. Highly penetrating (reduced by thick lead or concrete), weakly ionising. Often emitted after alpha or beta decay.
γ 射线 – 高能电磁波，无质量、无电荷。穿透力极强（厚铅板或混凝土可减弱），电离能力很弱。通常在 α 或 β 衰变后伴随产生。
Half-life – Time taken for half the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay. It's a statistical measure; each decay is random, but half-life is constant for a given isotope. It is used in radioactive dating and medical tracers.
半衰期 – 放射性样品中半数原子核发生衰变所需的时间。这是一种统计规律；单个核衰变是随机的，但特定同位素的半衰期是恒定的。可用于放射性测年和医学示踪。
8. Gas Laws and Kinetic Model | 气体定律与分子运动模型
Pressure (P) – ressure is caused by millions of particles colliding with the container walls, exerting a force. Unit: pascal (Pa).
压强 (P) – 单位面积上所受的压力，P = F/A。气体的压强源于大量粒子不断撞击容器壁并施加作用力。单位：帕斯卡 (Pa)。
Absolute zero (0 K) – ly stop moving. 0 K = -273 °C. Kelvin scale starts at absolute zero; T (K) = t (°C) + 273.
绝对零度 (0 K) – 粒子动能最小、理论上停止运动的温度。0 K = -273 °C。开氏温标以绝对零度为零点：T (K) = t (°C) + 273。
Boyle's Law – l to volume: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂. Squeezing a balloon decreases its volume and increases pressure.
波义耳定律 – 质量、温度一定时，气体压强与体积成反比：P₁V₁ = P₂V₂。挤压气球，体积减小，压强增大。
Charles' Law – rature (in Kelvin). V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂. Heating a sealed syringe will push the plunger outward.
查理定律 – 质量、压强一定时，气体体积与绝对温度（开尔文）成正比：V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂。加热封口注射器，活塞会被推出。
9. Space Physics: Our Place in the Universe | 空间物理：我们在宇宙中的位置
Planet – A celestial body orbiting a star, massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, but not massive enough to cause nuclear fusion. In our solar system, planets orbit the Sun.
行星 – 围绕恒星运行的天体，质量足够大，因自身引力呈球状，但不足以引发核聚变。太阳系中，行星绕太阳公转。
Star – ing energy through nuclear fusion (mainly hydrogen → helium). The Sun is our nearest star.
恒星 – 由引力束缚的巨大发光等离子体球，通过核聚变（主要是氢聚变为氦）产生能量。太阳是离我们最近的恒星。
Galaxy – A huge system of stars, gas, dust and dark matter bound by gravity. Our galaxy is the Milky Way, a spiral galaxy containing around 100–400 billion stars.
星系 – 由恒星、气体、尘埃和暗物质组成的巨大引力系统。我们所在的星系是银河系，一个包含约 1000 – 4000 亿颗恒星的旋涡星系。
Redshift – When a light source moves away from us, its wavelength stretches, shifting light towards the red end of the spectrum. This observation provides evidence for the expanding Universe and the Big Bang theory.
红移 – 当光源远离我们时，其波长被拉长，光线向光谱的红端移动。这一现象为宇宙膨胀和大爆炸理论提供了关键证据。
10. Key Units and Prefixes | 重要单位与词头
⁶), giga (G = 10⁹), centi (c = 10⁻²), milli (m = 10⁻³), micro (μ = 10⁻⁶), nano (n = 10⁻⁹).
数值答案之后务必写出正确单位。SQA 考试要求你熟练使用词头：千 (k = 10³)、兆 (M = 10⁶)、吉 (G = 10⁹)、厘 (c = 10⁻²)、毫 (m = 10⁻³)、微 (μ = 10⁻⁶)、纳 (n = 10⁻⁹)。
Convert to base units before calculating: 05 A. This avoids sloppy errors. For energy, 1 kJ = 1000 J; for frequency, 1 MHz = 10⁶ Hz.
计算前先换算成基本单位： 例如 3 km → 3000 m；5 mA → 0.005 A，这样可以避免粗心错误。能量方面，1 kJ = 1000 J；频率方面，1 MHz = 10⁶ Hz。
Memorise derived units: Pa = N/m²), ohm (Ω = V/A). Understanding how they are built helps in rearranging formulae.
牢记导出单位： 牛顿 (N = kg m/s²)、焦耳 (J = N m)、瓦特 (W = J/s)、帕斯卡 (Pa = N/m²)、欧姆 (Ω = V/A)。理解单位构成有助于公式变形。
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