📚 Year 11 CCEA Philosophy: Key Terminology Memory Guide | Year 11 CCEA 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of GCSE Philosophy is essential for success in CCEA Year 11 assessments. This guide provides clear definitions, memory tips, and bilingual explanations of the most important terms you will encounter in the course, covering arguments for God, the problem of evil, ethical theories, and more. By understanding and remembering these key concepts, you can strengthen your essays and exam answers.
掌握 GCSE 哲学术语是 CCEA 11 年级评估成功的关键。本指南提供了你将在课程中遇到的最重要术语的清晰定义、记忆技巧以及中英双语解释，涵盖上帝存在的论证、恶的问题、伦理理论等。通过理解并记住这些关键概念，你可以加强你的论文和考试答案。
1. Arguments for the Existence of God | 上帝存在的论证
The arguments for God's existence are often divided into a priori (prior to experience) and a posteriori (based on experience) categories. The three classical arguments are the ontological, cosmological, and teleological arguments. Understanding these terms helps you analyse whether belief in God can be rationally justified.
上帝存在的论证通常分为先验论证（不依赖于经验）和后验论证（基于经验）。三大经典论证分别是本体论论证、宇宙论论证和目的论论证。理解这些术语有助于你分析对上帝的信仰是否能够得到理性证明。
Ontological Argument (Anselm): A purely logical argument that defines God as 'that than which nothing greater can be conceived'. Since existing in reality is greater than existing only in the mind, God must exist in reality. It is a priori and deductive.
本体论论证（安瑟伦）：一种纯粹逻辑性的论证，将上帝定义为“无可设想比之更伟大者”。既然存在于现实比只存在于心中更伟大，那么上帝必然存在于现实中。它是先验的、演绎性的。
Cosmological Argument (Aquinas and Kalam): Based on the idea that everything that exists has a cause or explanation. There must be an uncaused First Cause or a necessary being, which people call God. The Kalam version emphasises that the universe had a beginning and therefore a cause.
宇宙论论证（阿奎那与卡拉姆）：基于万物皆有因或解释。必然存在一个不被引起的第一因或必然存在——人们称之为上帝。卡拉姆版本强调宇宙有一个开端，因此需要一个原因。
Teleological/Design Argument (Paley): The complexity, order, and purpose observed in the natural world suggest an intelligent designer. Paley’s watchmaker analogy compares the world to a watch on a heath: the watch’s intricate parts imply a watchmaker, just as nature implies a Divine Designer.
目的论/设计论证（佩利）：自然界中观察到的复杂性、秩序与目的暗示着一位智慧的设计者。佩利的钟表匠类比将世界比作荒野上的一块手表：手表精巧的部件意味着存在制表人，同理自然界意味着存在一位神圣的设计者。
2. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
The existence of evil and suffering is the most powerful challenge to belief in an all-loving, all-powerful, and all-knowing God. Philosophers distinguish between moral evil and natural evil, and they have proposed several responses called theodicies.
恶与苦难的存在是对信仰一位全爱、全能、全知上帝的最有力挑战。哲学家区分了道德恶与自然恶，并提出了若干回应，称为神正论。
Moral Evil vs. Natural Evil: Moral evil results from human free will (murder, theft, war); natural evil arises from the natural world (earthquakes, tsunamis, diseases). Both are used to question God’s attributes.
道德恶与自然恶：道德恶源于人类的自由意志（谋杀、盗窃、战争）；自然恶源自自然界（地震、海啸、疾病）。两者都被用来质疑上帝的属性。
Logical Problem of Evil (J.L. Mackie): The statements 'God is omnipotent', 'God is wholly good', and 'evil exists' are logically inconsistent; if God could and wanted to prevent evil, evil would not exist. Thus, the existence of evil seems to disprove God.
逻辑恶问题（麦基）：“上帝全能”、“上帝
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