📚 Year 11 CCEA Science: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Study Guide | Year 11 CCEA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Quickly mastering scientific vocabulary can make a huge difference in your CCEA Year 11 Science exams. This guide collects essential terms from Biology, Chemistry and Physics, pairing each with a clear definition and a memory tip to help you remember. The bilingual format supports non-native English speakers, making sure you understand the English terminology while reinforcing the concepts in Chinese.
快速掌握科学词汇可以在 CCEA Year 11 科学考试中产生巨大差异。本指南汇集了生物、化学和物理的基本术语，每个术语都配有清晰的定义和记忆技巧，帮助你记忆。中英双语格式支持非英语母语者，确保你理解英文术语，同时用中文巩固概念。
1. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器
Cells are the building blocks of life. The following organelles are essential components of plant and animal cells; knowing their functions is a key requirement.
细胞是生命的基本单位。以下细胞器是动植物细胞的基本组成部分，了解它们的功能是关键要求。
Nucleus – The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls most cellular activities. Memory tip: Think of the nucleus as the "brain" or control centre of the cell.
细胞核 – 包裹在膜内的细胞器，含有细胞的遗传物质 (DNA) 并控制大多数细胞活动。记忆提示：把细胞核想象成细胞的“大脑”或控制中心。
Mitochondria – Oval-shaped organelles where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy (ATP). Often called the "powerhouse" of the cell – a good keyword to remember.
线粒体 – 进行有氧呼吸、释放能量 (ATP) 的椭圆形细胞器。常被称为细胞的“动力工厂”——这是一个好记的关键词。
Ribosome – Tiny granular structure that synthesises proteins by reading the genetic code. Link "ribo" to "protein factory" on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体 – 通过读取遗传密码合成蛋白质的微小颗粒结构。将“核糖”联想成附着在粗面内质网上的“蛋白质工厂”。
Cell membrane – A selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out. Its job is like a security gatekeeper.
细胞膜 – 包裹细胞的半透性屏障，控制物质进出。它的作用就像一名保安门卫。
Chloroplast – Found only in plant cells and some algae; contains the green pigment chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Photo- means light – plants need light to make food.
叶绿体 – 仅存在于植物细胞和某些藻类中；含有绿色色素叶绿素，吸收光能进行光合作用。Photo- 表示光——植物需要光来制造食物。
Permanent vacuole – A large, fluid-filled sac in plant cells that stores water, nutrients and waste, maintaining turgor pressure. Think of it as the plant cell's "water storage tank".
中央液泡 – 植物细胞中充满液体的大囊泡，储存水分、养分和废物，维持膨压。把它想象成植物细胞的“储水罐”。
2. Transport in Cells | 细胞运输
Substances move across cell membranes through different processes. It is vital to distinguish between passive and active transport mechanisms.
物质通过不同过程跨越细胞膜。区分被动运输和主动运输机制至关重要。
Diffusion – The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. No energy is needed. Imagine perfume spreading through a room.
扩散 – 粒子沿浓度梯度从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动，不需要能量。想象香水在房间里扩散。
Osmosis – The special diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential. Focus on "O" for H₂O – water only.
渗透 – 水分子通过半透膜，从水势高的区域向水势低的区域扩散。关注“O”代表 H₂O——只针对水。
Active transport – The movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration (ATP). Carrier proteins are needed. Active = energy needed, like cycling uphill.
主动运输 – 利用呼吸作用释放的能量 (ATP) 逆浓度梯度移动粒子，需要载体蛋白。主动 = 需要能量，就像骑自行车上坡。
Partially permeable membrane – A barrier that allows some molecules to pass through but not others, based on size. Similar to a sieve letting water through but not sand.
半透膜 – 允许某些分子通过而阻止其他分子通过的屏障，取决于分子大小。类似筛子让水通过但拦住沙子。
Turgor – The pressure of the cytoplasm and vacuole against the cell wall in plant cells, keeping them rigid. Plants wilt when turgor pressure is lost – imagine a deflated balloon.
膨压 – 植物细胞内细胞质和液泡对细胞壁产生的压力，使细胞保持坚挺。当膨压丧失时植物萎蔫——想象一个泄气的气球。
Concentration gradient – The difference in concentration of a substance between two regions. The steeper the gradient, the faster the diffusion.
浓度梯度 – 某种物质在两个区域之间的浓度差异。梯度越陡，扩散越快。
3. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Cells rely on large biological molecules for structure and metabolism. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being used up.
细胞依赖大分子生物物质进行结构和代谢。酶是生物催化剂，能在不被消耗的情况下加速反应。
Carbohydrate – A group of organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, e.g. glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and starch. Main energy source. "Carbo" hints at carbon, "hydrate" hints at water (H₂O).
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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