📚 CCEA Year 11 Biology: Key Terminology & Quick Memorisation Guide | CCEA 11年级生物：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the language of biology is half the battle in CCEA Year 11. This guide takes you through essential terms from cells to ecology, pairing each with a powerful memory trick — word roots, vivid analogies, or simple acronyms — so you can recall them effortlessly in exams. Work through each section actively, saying the terms aloud and drawing quick sketches to lock them in.
掌握生物学的语言是 CCEA 11 年级成功的一半。这本指南带你梳理从细胞到生态学的基本术语，每个术语都配有高效的记忆技巧——词根、生动的类比或简单的首字母缩写——让你在考试中毫不费力地回忆起来。积极学习每个部分，大声说出术语并快速画一画，把它们牢牢记住。
1. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器
Nucleus – the control centre containing DNA. Think of 'nucleus' as the core of an atom; it sits at the heart, holding the master blueprint. Spoken cue: 'new-clear-us' – clear where the instructions are.
细胞核 – 包含DNA的控制中心。把 'nucleus' 想象成原子的核心，它是细胞的心脏，掌握着总蓝图。发音提示：“new-clear-us”，指令很清楚。
Mitochondria – the powerhouses where aerobic respiration releases energy. Repeat 'mighty mitochondria' as a rhyming chant; picture miniature battery factories with folded inner membranes (cristae) to maximise output.
线粒体 – 有氧呼吸释放能量的发电站。用押韵的歌谣记“mighty mitochondria”；想象皱褶的内膜（嵴）最大化产能的小型电池工厂。
Ribosomes – tiny protein factories that read mRNA. 'Ribo' links to RNA; visualise a robotic 3D printer translating codes into protein chains. They float free or dot the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体 – 微小的蛋白质工厂，读取mRNA。“Ribo”联系着RNA；把它想象成一个将密码翻译成蛋白质链的3D打印机。它们游离在胞质中或附着在粗面内质网上。
Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis in plant cells. 'Chloro-' = green, '-plast' hink of green solar panels converting sunlight into glucose. Contains chlorophyll pigment.
叶绿体 – 植物细胞进行光合作用的场所。“Chloro-”意为绿，“-plast”意为质体；把它想作将阳光转化为葡萄糖的绿色太阳能板。含有叶绿素。
Cell membrane & Cell wall – gi) is a rigid outer box. Remember: membrane = flexible bouncer, wall = solid brick fence.
细胞膜与细胞壁 – 细胞膜控制物质进出（选择性通透的门卫）。细胞壁（植物、真菌）是坚硬的外框。记住：膜 = 灵活的保安，壁 = 结实的砖墙。
2. Movement Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Diffusion – net movement of particles from high to low concentration, down a gradient, no energy needed. Catchphrase: 'Diffusion is a downhill, passive drift.' Visualise a drop of ink spreading in water.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动，沿浓度梯度，不需能量。口诀：“扩散是被动的下坡漂移。”想象一滴墨水在水中散开。
Osmosis – special diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. Only water, only 'down' the water potential gradient. Mnemonic: 'Osmo-sis, only water passes this.' Picture a raisin swelling in fresh water.
渗透 – 水分子通过部分透膜的特定扩散。只有水，只顺着水势梯度。助记口诀：“Osmosis，只有水通过。”想象葡萄干在清水中膨胀。
Active transport – ement against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) and carrier proteins. Think 'active = ATP and up the slope.' Root hair cells absorb minerals this way.
主动运输 – 逆浓度梯度的运动，需要能量（ATP）和载体蛋白。记住“主动 = ATP 和上坡。”根毛细胞就是这样吸收矿物质的。
3. Enzymes: Biological Catalysts | 酶：生物催化剂
Active site – the cleft where the substrate fits, like a lock and key. 'Active site is the lock, substrate the key.' Only the specific shape unlocks the reaction.
活性位点 – 底物契合的凹陷，像锁和钥匙。“活性位点是锁，底物是钥匙。”只有特定形状才能开启反应。
Denaturation – when an enzyme's shape is permanently altered by extreme pH or temperature, losing function. Think 'denatured = done for, deformed.' High fever can dent your enzymes.
变性 – 酶的形状因极端pH或温度而永久改变，丧失功能。联想：“denatured = 完了，变形了。”高烧可使酶失活。
Optimum temperature / pH – the peak activity point. Human enzymes work best around 37 °C. Imagine a bell-shaped graph – rising to the top then crashing.
最适温度 / pH – 活性最高的点。人体酶在37°C左右最活跃。想象一个钟形图——升至顶端然后骤降。
4. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration | 有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸
Aerobic respiration – glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ lots of ATP). 'Aerobic' contains 'air', reminding you oxygen is needed. Mitochondria host this process; think 'mitochondria = mighty aerobic machines.'
有氧呼吸 – 葡萄糖 + 氧 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 大量ATP）。“Aerobic”含有“air”，提示需要氧气。线粒体是场所；记住“线粒体 = 强大的有氧引擎”。
Anaerobic respiration in animals – d (+ little ATP). Without oxygen, muscles produce lactic acid, causing cramp. Memory link: 'Anaerobic = no air, aching legs.'
动物无氧呼吸 – 葡萄糖 → 乳酸（+ 少量ATP）。缺氧时肌肉产生乳酸，引起酸痛。记忆联系：“无氧 = 没空气，腿酸疼”。
Anaerobic respiration in yeast – glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ little ATP). This is fermentation. Recall 'yeast ferments to bread and beer; ethanol and CO₂ appear.'
酵母无氧呼吸 – 葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + 二氧化碳（+ 少量ATP）。这就是发酵。回忆“酵母发酵制面包啤酒，乙醇和CO₂一起有。”
ATP – adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency. Think 'Adenosine TriPhosphate = A Truly Powerful molecule.' Every active process pays with ATP.
ATP – 三磷酸腺苷，能量货币。助记：“ATP = A Truly Powerful (真正有力)。”所有主动过程都消耗ATP。
5. Nervous System and Reflex Arc | 神经系统与反射弧
Neuron – sensory, relay (interneuron), motor. Order in a reflex: Sensory → Relay → Motor. Mnemonic: 'Sally Runs Madly' or 'S-R-M' pathway.
神经元 – 神经细胞：感觉、中间（联络）、运动。反射顺序：感觉神经元 → 中间神经元 → 运动神经元。口诀：“S-R-M 通路。”
Synapse – gap between neurons where neurotransmitters diffuse. Picture a spark jumping a tiny trench. 'Synapse' sounds like 'sin-apse' – a pause to cross.
突触 – 神经元之间的间隙，神经递质在此扩散。想象火花跳过一条小沟。“Synapse”发音像“sin-apse”——穿越时有个停顿。
Reflex arc – y components: receptor, sensory neuron, relay in spinal cord, motor neuron, effector (muscle). Repeat: 'Receptor, Sensory, Relay, Motor, Effector.'
反射弧 – 自动、快速、保护性的通路，绕过意识大脑。如触火→缩手。关键组分：感受器、感觉神经元、脊髓中间神经元、运动神经元、效应器（肌肉）。记住“感受-感-中-动-效”。
6. Hormonal Coordination | 激素协调
Insulin and glucagon – pancreas hormones controlling blood glucose. Insulin lowers (makes cells absorb glucose); glucagon raises (converts glycogen to glucose). Trick: 'Insulin stores, glucagon pours (glucose into blood).'
胰岛素和胰高血糖素 – 胰腺激素控制血糖。胰岛素降低血糖（促使细胞吸收葡萄糖）；胰高血糖素升高血糖（糖原转化为葡萄糖）。口诀：“胰岛素储存，胰高血糖素倾泻。”
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) – regulates water reabsorption in kidneys. 'Anti-diuretic' = against urination; ADH makes urine concentrated. Think 'ADH keeps water from going away.'
抗利尿激素 (ADH) – 调节肾脏对水的重吸收。“抗-利尿” = 对抗排尿；ADH 让尿液浓缩。联想：“ADH 让水分不流失。”
FSH and LH – es an egg; LH triggers ovulation. In males, they stimulate sperm and testosterone. Memory: 'FSH = Follicle Starts, LH = Launch of egg.'
促卵泡激素和促黄体生成素 – FSH 促使卵泡成熟；LH 触发排卵。在男性，它们刺激精子生成和睾酮。记忆：“FSH = 卵泡启动，LH = 排卵发射。”
7. Homeostasis: Temperature and Blood Glucose | 稳态：体温与血糖
Thermoregulation – maintaining core body temperature (~ ing. Picture a radiator: dilation = open valve, losing heat; constriction = closing valve.
体温调节 – 维持核心体温（约37°C）。皮肤反应：血管舒张（散热）、血管收缩（保温）、出汗、颤抖。想象散热器：舒张 = 打开阀门散热；收缩 = 关闭阀门保温。
Negative feedback – the body' ing; once cool, mechanisms switch off. Think of a thermostat: too hot → cool down → stops.
负反馈 – 身体逆转变化的方式。如高温触发降温；一旦降温，机制关闭。想象恒温器：太热 → 降温 → 停止。
Type 1 diabetes – s to produce insulin; blood glucose stays high. Managed with insulin injections. Mnemonic: 'Type 1 = insulin is done.'
1型糖尿病 – 胰腺不能产生胰岛素；血糖居高不下。用胰岛素注射治疗。口诀：“Type 1 = 胰岛素完了。”
8. DNA, Genes and Chromosomes | DNA、基因与染色体
DNA double helix – twisted ladder made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base). Bases pair: Adenine–Thymine, Cytosine–Guanine. Mnemonic: 'Apple Tart, Car Garage' (A-T, C-G) or 'At The Corner Garden' gives A-T, C-G.
DNA双螺旋 – 由核苷酸（糖、磷酸、碱基）组成的扭曲梯子。碱基配对：腺嘌呤–胸腺嘧啶，胞嘧啶–鸟嘌呤。口诀：“A-T就像苹果挞，C-G是车库汽车”（Apple Tart, Car Garage）。
Gene – a section of DNA coding for a protein. Think of a gene as a specific recipe in the cookbook of your genome.
基因 – 编码蛋白质的一段DNA。把基因想象成基因组这本食谱里的一道特定菜谱。
Chromosome – coiled package of DNA visible during cell division. Humans have 46 (23 pairs). Visualise 23 volumes, each containing many recipes (genes).
染色体 – 在细胞分裂时可见的盘绕DNA包裹。人类有46条（23对）。想象23卷书，每卷包含许多菜谱（基因）。
9. Inheritance and Genetic Crosses | 遗传与遗传杂交
Allele – different version of a gene (e.g., brown vs. blue eye colour). Dominant allele masks recessive. Use 'dominant dominates, recessive recedes.' Represent dominant with capital letter (B), recessive with lower case (b).
等位基因 – 同一基因的不同版本（如棕色眼 vs. 蓝色眼）。显性等位基因掩盖隐性。“显性主导，隐性退缩。”用大写字母（B）表示显性，小写（b）表示隐性。
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous – Homo = same alleles (BB or bb); Hetero = different alleles (Bb). Greek roots: 'homo-' same, 'hetero-' different. 'Homo goes home to the same, Hetero has a mix.'
纯合 vs. 杂合 – 纯合 = 相同等位基因 (BB 或 bb)；杂合 = 不同等位基因 (Bb)。词根：“homo-”相同，“hetero-”不同。“纯合回家全相同，杂合混合异样。”
Phenotype and Genotype – e = physical appearance (what you see); Genotype = genetic makeup (the letters). Phenotype 'Ph' = physical; Genotype 'Gen' = genes. So simple: 'Phenotype = photo, Genotype = gene code.'
表型和基因型 – 表型 = 外表性状（所见）；基因型 = 遗传组成（字母代码）。表型“Ph”对应物理外貌；基因型“Gen”对应基因。“表型是照片，基因型是密码。”
10. Ecology: Food Chains and Nutrient Cycles | 生态学：食物链与营养循环
Producer – organism that makes its own food via photosynthesis (plants, algae). 'Producers produce their own plate.' Always first trophic level.
生产者 – 通过光合作用自制食物的生物（植物、藻类）。“生产者自产自食。”总是第一营养级。
Consumer – organism that eats others. Primary consumer (herbivore), secondary (carnivore that eats herbivore). Trick: 'Consumers consume the producers.' Pyramid of numbers often mirrors biomass.
消费者 – 捕食其他生物。初级消费者（食草动物），次级消费者（吃初级消费者的肉食动物）。口诀：“消费者消费生产者。”数量金字塔常反映生物量。
Decomposer – bacteria and fungi breaking down dead matter, returning nutrients to soil. 'Decomposers decompose, recycling for the ecosystem.' Without them, minerals would be locked away.
分解者 – 细菌和真菌分解死物，将养分归还土壤。“分解者分解，为生态系统回收。”没有它们，矿物质会被锁住。
Carbon cycle – photosynthesis fixes CO₂ into glucose; respiration and combustion release CO₂. Visualise a circle: plants take carbon in, animals and fires release it. Key processes: photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, fossil fuel burning.
碳循环 – 光合作用固定CO₂为葡萄糖；呼吸和燃烧释放CO₂。想象一个圆：植物吸收碳，动物和火释放碳。关键过程：光合作用、呼吸作用、分解、化石燃料燃烧。
Nitrogen cycle – nitrogen fixation by bacteria converts N₂ gas into ammonia, then nitrites, then nitrates (usable by plants). Remember the actors: nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria. Acronym: 'N-fixers, Nitrifiers, Denitrifiers – Nitrogen Never Disappears.'
氮循环 – 固氮细菌将N₂气体转为氨，再转为亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐（植物可用）。记住角色：固氮菌、硝化菌、反硝化菌。口诀：“固氮、硝化、反硝化——氮从来不会消失（Nitrogen Never Disappears）。”
11. Plant Transport: Xylem and Phloem | 植物运输：木质部与韧皮部
Xylem – dead hollow tubes carrying water and minerals upwards from roots. 'Xy goes high.' Lignin strengthens walls; transpiration pull drives flow. Picture a vertical straw.
木质部 – 死去的空管，把水和矿物质从根部向上运输。“Xylem向上冲（Xy goes high）。”木质素增强管壁；蒸腾拉力驱动液流。想象一根垂直的吸管。
Phloem – living tubes transporting sugars (sucrose) up and down from sources to sinks. 'Phloem feeds the whole team, any direction.' Companion cells assist loading.
韧皮部 – 活管，将糖分（蔗糖）从“源”运往“库”，上下双向。“Phloem 供给全队，任何方向。”伴胞协助装载。
Transpiration – evaporation of water from leaves, creating tension pulling water up xylem. Think 'transpiration = transportation by evaporation.' Faster in hot, dry, windy conditions.
蒸腾作用 – 叶片水分蒸发，产生拉力将水沿木质部向上拉。记“蒸腾 = 蒸发驱动运输。”炎热、干燥、风大的条件下加快。
12. Classification and Biodiversity | 分类与生物多样性
Binomial system – two-part Latin name: Genus species (e.g., Homo sapiens). 'Binomial = two names.' Genus capitalised, species lower case, italicised in print. Rhyme: 'Genus and species, written in italic pieces.'
双名法 – 两个部分的拉丁学名：属名+种名（如智人 Homo sapiens）。“二名 = 两个名字。”属名首字母大写，种名小写，印刷用斜体。歌谣：“属与种，斜体写”。
Five kingdoms – Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, Prokaryotes (bacteria). Mnemonic: 'All People Find Potatoes Pleasant' or just recall key features: prokaryotes lack a nucleus.
五界系统 – 动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界、原核生物界（细菌）。口诀：“All People Find Potatoes Pleasant” 或直接记住特征：原核生物无细胞核。
Biodiversity – sured by species richness and genetic diversity. Conservation protects biodiversity. Think 'biodiversity = life's variety, keeps ecosystems hearty.'
生物多样性 – 生命的多样性；用物种丰富度和遗传多样性衡量。保护措施维护生物多样性。记住“生物多样性让生态系统强壮”。
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