📚 Year 11 CCEA Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Fast-Memorisation Guide | CCEA 物理词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics terminology is the foundation for solving problems and explaining concepts in CCEA GCSE Physics. This guide breaks down the essential key terms topic by topic, provides clear definitions in both English and Chinese, and offers simple memory tricks to help you recall them quickly under exam pressure.
掌握物理术语是在 CCEA GCSE 物理中解题和阐释概念的基础。本指南按主题分解核心关键词，提供清晰的中英文定义，并给出简单的记忆技巧，帮助你在考试压力下快速回想。
1. Motion and Kinematics | 运动与运动学
Distance is the total length of the path travelled by an object, regardless of direction. It is a scalar quantity, measured in metres (m). Think of it as the 'odometer reading' of a journey.
路程是物体运动轨迹的总长度，不考虑方向。它是标量，单位是米（m）。可以想成是旅程的 '里程表读数' 。
Displacement is the straight-line distance from the starting point to the finishing point, together with a specified direction. It is a vector quantity. The word 'displacement' contains 'place' – it tells you how far out of place you are in a direct line.
位移是起点到终点的直线距离，并带有指定方向。它是矢量。单词 "displacement" 含有 "place"，表示你偏离原位多远，是直线上的位置变化。
Speed ed. It is scalar and can be calculated as speed = distance / time. No direction is needed.
速率是路程随时间的变化率，是标量，计算公式：速率 = 路程 / 时间。不需要方向。
Velocity cludes direction. For constant acceleration, average velocity can be found by v = Δs / Δt.
速度是位移随时间的变化率，是矢量，包含方向。对于匀加速，平均速度可用 v = Δs / Δt 求得。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is a vector measured in m/s². Deceleration is simply acceleration in the opposite direction to motion.
加速度是速度的变化率，是矢量，单位为 m/s²。减速就是与运动方向相反的加速度。
a = Δv / Δt
Memory aid: Scalars are 'Simple numbers', Vectors are 'Value with direction'.
记忆窍门：标量（Scalar）只有大小（Single number），矢量（Vector）多了方向（V for direction）。
2. Forces and Dynamics | 力与动力学
Force is a push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape. It is a vector measured in newtons (N). A force of 1 N accelerates 1 kg by 1 m/s².
力是能改变物体运动状态或形状的推或拉，是矢量，单位为牛顿（N）。1 N 的力能使 1 kg 物体产生 1 m/s² 的加速度。
Resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object combined. When resultant force is zero, the object is in equilibrium.
合力是与物体上所有作用力效果相同的单一力。合力为零时，物体处于平衡状态。
Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force. This is the law of inertia – mass resists changes in motion.
牛顿第一定律：如果没有合力作用，物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。这就是惯性定律——质量抵抗运动状态的改变。
Newton's Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass. The formula is:
牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度与合力成正比，与质量成反比。公式为：
F = m × a
Newton's Third Law: For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. The two forces act on different objects, so they do not cancel out.
牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。这两个力作用在不同物体上，因此不会抵消。
Weight ational field strength (≈ 9.8 N/kg on Earth). Weight changes with location; mass does not.
重量是物体受到的重力，是矢量，计算公式 W = m × g，其中 g 是重力场强度（地球表面约 9.8 N/kg）。重量随位置变化，质量不变。
Friction and terminal velocity: When an object falls through a fluid, air resistance increases with speed until it balances the weight. The object then falls at a constant terminal velocity.
摩擦与终极速度：物体在流体中下落时，空气阻力随速度增大，直到与重力平衡，物体以恒定的终极速度下降。
| Scalar quantities | Vector quantities |
|---|---|
| distance | displacement |
| speed | velocity |
| mass | weight (force) |
| energy | force, acceleration |
3. Energy and Work | 能量与功
Energy is the capacity to do work. It is a scalar measured in joules (J). Energy can be stored (kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic, nuclear, internal) or transferred (electrically, by heating, by radiation, mechanically).
能量是做功的能力，是标量，单位为焦耳（J）。能量可以储存（动能、重力势能、化学能、弹性势能、核能、内能）或转移（电、热、辐射、机械）。
Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. The faster or heavier the object, the greater its KE. It is given by:
动能（KE）是物体由于运动而具有的能量。速度越快、质量越大，动能越大。计算公式为：
KE = ½ × m × v²
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) ht above the ground. The formula is GPE = m × g × h, where h is the height. Think of it as 'height energy'.
重力势能（GPE）是物体因离地高度而储存的能量。公式 GPE = m × g × h，其中 h 是高度。可以把这看作 '高度能量'。
Work done he direction of the force (m). If the force and motion are perpendicular, no work is done.
做功是力使物体移动时转移的能量。功（J）= 力（N）× 沿力方向移动的距离（m）。如果力与运动方向垂直，则不做功。
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy. It is measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s. High power means energy is transferred quickly.
功率是做功或能量转移的速率，单位是瓦特（W），1 W = 1 J/s。功率大表示能量转移快。
P = W / t or P = E / t
Efficiency ul output / total input. It can be expressed as a percentage and is never greater than 100% for energy transfers.
效率对有用输出能量与总输入能量进行比较。效率 = 有用输出 / 总输入。可用百分比表示，能量转移的效率永不超过 100%。
4. Electricity Fundamentals | 电学基础
Electric current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A). In a metal wire, current is a flow of electrons from negative to positive, but conventional current flows from positive to negative.
电流（I）是电荷流动的速率，单位是安培（A）。在金属导线中，电流是电子从负极向正极流动，但传统电流方向规定为正极到负极。
Charge (Q) and protons. The unit is the coulomb (C). The relationship is Q = I × t (current × time).
电荷（Q）是电子和质子携带的属性，单位是库仑（C）。关系式为 Q = I × t（电流 × 时间）。
Potential difference (voltage, V) is the energy transferred per unit charge between two points. It is measured in volts (V). 1 V means 1 J of energy is transferred per coulomb of charge.
电势差（电压，V）是两点间每单位电荷转移的能量，单位是伏特（V）。1 V 意味着每库仑电荷转移 1 J 的能量。
Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current. It is measured in ohms (Ω). The resistance of a component is the ratio of voltage across it to the current through it.
电阻（R）阻碍电流流动，单位是欧姆（Ω）。元件的电阻等于其两端电压与通过电流的比值。
Ohm's Law: For an ohmic conductor at constant temperature, the current is directly proportional to the voltage. The formula that always holds is:
欧姆定律：对于恒温下的欧姆导体，电流与电压成正比。始终成立的关系式为：
V = I × R
Memory aid: 'Victoria Is Right' – V = IR.
记忆法：'Vicky Is Right' – V = I R。
Series circuits: Components are connected end to end. The current is the same everywhere, but the voltage splits across components. Total resistance adds up: Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ...
串联电路：元件首尾相接。各处电流相同，但电压分配到各元件。总电阻相加：Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ...
Parallel circuits: Components are connected on separate branches. The voltage across each branch is the same, but the total current splits. The total resistance decreases as more branches are added.
并联电路：元件连接在独立支路上。各支路电压相同，但总电流分流。支路增多时总电阻减小。
Electrical power ergy is transferred. Formulas: P = I × V, P = I² × R, P = V² / R. The units are watts (W).
电功率是电能转移的速率。公式：P = I × V，P = I² × R，P = V² / R。单位是瓦特（W）。
5. Waves and their Properties | 波及其性质
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. They can be mechanical (require a medium) or electromagnetic (travel through a vacuum).
波传递能量而不传递物质。可分为机械波（需要介质）和电磁波（可在真空中传播）。
Transverse waves: The oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Examples: light, water waves, all EM waves. The highest points are crests, lowest are troughs.
横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直。例如光、水波、所有电磁波。最高点称波峰，最低点称波谷。
Longitudinal waves: The oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. They consist of compressions and rarefactions. Example: sound waves.
纵波：振动方向与能量传递方向平行。由压缩和稀疏组成。例如声波。
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest position. It determines loudness for sound and brightness/intensity for light.
振幅是距平衡位置的最大
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