📚 Year 11 CCEA Physics: Core Concepts Summary | CCEA 11年级物理核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your essential revision guide for Year 11 CCEA Physics. This article brings together all the fundamental topics you need to master, from motion and forces to energy, waves, electricity, and electromagnetism. Each section presents key definitions, laws, equations, and worked examples in a clear bilingual format to strengthen your understanding and prepare you confidently for your assessments.
欢迎阅读 CCEA 11年级物理核心知识点梳理。本文汇总了你必须掌握的所有重要主题，涵盖运动、力、能量、波、电学和电磁学。每个板块都用清晰的中英双语形式呈现关键定义、定律、公式和应用实例，帮助您巩固理解，自信迎考。
1. Describing Motion | 描述运动
In physics, motion is described using quantities like distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration. Distance is a scalar quantity that measures the total path length covered, while displacement is a vector that gives the change in position in a specific direction. Speed is the distance travelled per unit time, a scalar, whereas velocity is speed in a given direction and is a vector.
在物理学中，运动用路程、位移、速率、速度和加速度等量来描述。路程是标量，测量物体经过的总路径长度；位移是矢量，给出在特定方向上位置的变化。速率是单位时间通过的路程，为标量；而速度是具有方向的速率，是矢量。
v = s / t
. An object speeding up has positive acceleration; slowing down involves negative acceleration (deceleration). For constant acceleration, the equations of motion link displacement, velocity and time, such as v² = u² + 2as and s = ut + ½ at².
加速度是速度的变化率。计算公式为 a = (v - u) / t，其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度，t 为时间。物体加速时加速度为正，减速时加速度为负。对于匀加速运动，运动学方程将位移、速度和时间联系起来，例如 v² = u² + 2as 以及 s = ut + ½ at²。
a = (v − u) / t
v² = u² + 2a s
s = u t + ½ a t²
2. Forces, Newton’s Laws and Moments | 力、牛顿定律与力矩
t Law (the law of inertia) states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. Newton’s Second Law quantifies this: the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass. This gives the fundamental equation F = ma.
力是推或拉，可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向。力是矢量，以牛顿（N）为单位。牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）指出，除非受到合外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。牛顿第二定律将其量化：物体的加速度与合外力成正比，与物体质量成反比，得出基本方程 F = ma。
F = m × a
rning effect of a force, given by moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot. The unit is the newton-metre (Nm). An object is in rotational equilibrium when the total clockwise moments equal the total anticlockwise moments.
牛顿第三定律告诉我们，每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，作用在不同物体上。力矩是力的转动效应，公式为 力矩 = 力 × 到支点的垂直距离，单位是牛·米（Nm）。当顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和时，物体处于转动平衡。
M = F × d
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy is the capacity to do work and exists in many stores: kinetic (moving objects), gravitational potential (position in a gravitational field), elastic potential (stretched or compressed materials), chemical, nuclear, thermal (internal energy) and others. Energy is transferred between stores via pathways such as mechanical work, electrical currents, heating by conduction, convection or radiation, and by waves.
能量是做功的本领，储存在多种形式中：动能（运动物体）、重力势能（重力场中的位置）、弹性势能（拉伸或压缩的材料）、化学能、核能、热能（内能）等。能量通过机械功、电流、热传导、热对流、热辐射以及波等途径在储存库之间转移。
nother. In any closed system, the total energy remains constant. Kinetic energy is calculated by KE = ½ m v² and gravitational potential energy by GPE = m g h, where m is mass, v is speed, g is gravitational field strength (≈10 N/kg on Earth) and h is height.
能量守恒定律指出，能量不能被创造或消灭，只能从一个储存库转移到另一个，或从一种形式转换为另一种。在任何封闭系统中，总能量保持不变。动能由 KE = ½ m v² 计算，重力势能由 GPE = m g h 计算，其中 m 为质量，v 为速率，g 为重力场强度（地球上约10 N/kg），h 为高度。
KE = ½ m v²
GPE = m g h
4. Work, Power and Efficiency | 功、功率与效率
ules (J), the same unit as energy. One joule is the work done when a force of 1 newton moves an object 1 metre.
当力使物体沿力的方向移动一段距离时，力做了功。功 = 力 × 沿力方向的距离，W = F d，单位为焦耳（J），与能量单位相同。1焦耳是1牛顿的力使物体移动1米所做的功。
W = F × d
e, P = W / t, measured in watts (W); 1 watt equals 1 joule per second. Efficiency measures
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