📚 Year 11 Eduqas Music: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering music vocabulary is essential for success in your Eduqas GCSE Music exam. This guide presents key terminology across rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, dynamics, structure, instruments, and more – each term defined clearly with paired English and Chinese explanations to speed up memorisation.
掌握音乐词汇是你在 Eduqas GCSE 音乐考试中取得成功的关键。本指南涵盖节奏、旋律、和声、织体、力度、结构、乐器等核心术语，每个术语均配有清晰的英文和中文解释，加速记忆。
1. Rhythm and Metre | 节奏与节拍
Beat: The basic unit of time in music, the steady pulse you feel.
拍：音乐中最基本的时间单位，即你能感觉到的稳定律动。
Bar / Measure: A group of beats divided by bar lines, organised according to the time signature.
小节 / 小节线：由小节线划分的一组拍子，根据拍号进行组织。
Time Signature: Two numbers at the start of a piece indicating how many beats are in each bar (top number) and which note value equals one beat (bottom number). Simple time signatures have beats divisible by 2; compound time signatures have beats divisible by 3.
拍号：乐曲开头的两个数字，上方数字表示每小节有几拍，下方数字表示以何种音符为一拍。单拍子每拍可均分为2份；复拍子每拍可均分为3份。
Anacrusis: A note or group of notes that come before the first strong beat of a phrase, often called a pickup or upbeat.
弱起：一组出现在乐句第一个强拍之前的音符，常被称为起拍或上拍。
Syncopation: Rhythms that place accents on normally weak beats or between beats, creating an offbeat feel.
切分音：将重音放在通常较弱的拍子或拍点之间，产生一种错位感的节奏。
Hemiola: A rhythmic pattern where two bars of triple metre sound like three bars of duple metre (or vice versa), commonly found in Baroque and dance music.
赫米奥拉：一种节奏型，使得两小节三拍子听上去如同三小节两拍子（反之亦然），常见于巴洛克及舞曲音乐。
Polyrhythm: The simultaneous use of two or more contrasting rhythms, often heard in African drumming and 20th-century music.
复合节奏：同时使用两种或更多相互对比的节奏，常见于非洲鼓乐和20世纪音乐。
Dotted rhythm: A rhythm created by alternating a dotted note and a shorter note (e.g. dotted quaver + semiquaver), producing a skipping, energetic character.
附点节奏：由附点音符和较短音符交替形成的节奏（如附点八分音符 + 十六分音符），具有跳跃、活泼的特点。
Triplet: A group of three notes played in the time of two of the same note value, often shown by a small ‘3’ above or below.
三连音：在一组通常容纳两个相同音符的时值内均分成三个音，通常标有数字 ‘3’。
2. Melody and Pitch | 旋律与音高
Conjunct: Melody that moves in steps (adjacent notes), creating a smooth, lyrical contour.
级进：旋律以相邻音之间的进行为主，线条平滑、歌唱性强。
Disjunct: Melody that moves in leaps (larger intervals), producing a more angular, dramatic shape.
跳进：旋律中包含较大音程的跳跃式进行，轮廓更具棱角与戏剧性。
Phrase: A musical sentence, typically ending with a cadence, analogous to a clause in spoken language.
乐句：类似语言中的子句，通常以终止式结束的一个音乐句子。
Sequence: The immediate repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch.
模进：旋律片段立即在较高或较低的音高上进行重复。
Ostinato: A persistently repeated melodic or rhythmic pattern, often used as a foundation.
固定音型：持续反复出现的旋律或节奏型，常作为音乐基底。
Trill: An ornament consisting of rapid alternation between the written note and the note above.
颤音：在主音和上方音之间快速交替的装饰音。
Turn: A four-note ornament that moves up from the main note, returns, goes down, and back.
回音：由四个音组成的装饰音，先上行、回主音、下行、再回主音。
Appoggiatura: An accented non-chord note that leans on the main note, often taking half its value.
倚音：强调的不协和装饰音，像‘倚靠’在主音上，通常占主音一半时值。
Acciaccatura: A crushed note played as quickly as possible before the main note, indicated by a small note with a slash.
短倚音：尽可能快速地奏出并滑入主音的装饰音，用带斜线的小音符标记。
Glissando: A continuous slide between two pitches, often on harp, trombone, or string instruments.
滑音：在两个音高之间连续滑动的演奏效果，常见于竖琴、长号或弦乐。
3. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性
Tonic: The first degree of the scale and the home key centre – gives a sense of rest.
主音：音阶的第一个音级，调性的中心音，给人以稳定、终结的感觉。
Dominant: The fifth degree of the scale, creates tension that strongly pulls toward the tonic.
属音：音阶的第五个音级，制造紧张感并强烈倾向于解决到主音。
Subdominant: The fourth degree of the scale, often leading to the dominant or back to tonic.
下属音：音阶的第四个音级，经常连接到属音或返回主音。
Perfect Cadence: V–I (or V7–I), sounds complete and final, like a full stop.
完全终止：V–I（或 V7–I），听上去完满、结束感强，如同句号。
Plagal Cadence: IV–I, gives a gentler, ‘Amen’ ending often used in hymns.
变格终止：IV–I，较柔和，常用于圣咏结尾的“阿门”感。
Imperfect Cadence: Any cadence ending on V (e.g. I–V, II–V, IV–V), sounds unfinished.
不完全终止：任何终止在属和弦上的进行（如 I–V, IV–V），听上去未完结。
Interrupted Cadence: V–vi (sometimes V–VI), a surprising, deceptive ending that avoids the expected tonic.
阻碍终止：V–vi（或 V–VI），意外地绕过主和弦，产生打断或迷惑的效果。
Modulation: A change of key within a piece, often to the dominant or relative minor/major.
转调：乐曲内部的调性转换，常见为转向属调或关系大小调。
Tierce de Picardie: A sudden major chord at the end of a minor-key piece, raising the third unexpectedly.
皮卡第三音：在结束小调作品时，意外地将最后和弦的三音升高，变成大三和弦。
Pedal: A sustained or repeated note, usually in the bass, over which changing harmonies occur.
持续音：一个持续或重复的音，通常在低音声部，与上方变化着的和声形成对比。
Drone: A continuous, unchanging note or chord, often found in folk music and bagpipe textures.
持续低音 / 嗡音：一个连续不变的音或音程，常见于民间音乐和风笛织体。
4. Texture and Layers | 织体与层次
Monophonic: A single melodic line without accompaniment; all performers sing or play in unison or octaves.
单声织体：单一旋律线条，无伴奏，所有声部齐奏或八度重复。
Homophonic: A main melody supported by chordal accompaniment; often melody-dominated homophony.
主调织体：一条主旋律加上和弦伴奏，常表现为旋律支配的主调织体。
Polyphonic: Two or more independent melodic lines woven together; also called contrapuntal texture.
复调织体：两条或更多独立旋律线条相互交织，也称对位织体。
Heterophonic: Simultaneous varied versions of the same melody, common in some folk and world music.
支声织体：同一旋律的多种变体同时进行，常见于某些民间及世界音乐。
Imitation: A melodic idea is repeated by different voices or instruments in succession, creating polyphony.
模仿：一个旋律材料在不同声部或乐器中依次重复，形成复调效果。
Antiphonal: Dialogue between spatially separated groups of performers, providing stereo or echo effects.
应答织体：空间上分开的两个或多个演奏/演唱群体之间的对话，产生立体回声效果。
Unison: All singers or players perform exactly the same pitch and rhythm simultaneously.
齐奏 / 齐唱：所有声部同时奏/唱完全相同的音高和节奏。
5. Dynamics and Expression | 力度与表情
pp (pianissimo): very soft
很弱
p (piano): soft
弱
mp (mezzo-piano): moderately soft
中弱
mf (mezzo-forte): moderately loud
中强
f (forte): loud
强
ff (fortissimo): very loud
很强
Crescendo (cresc.): gradually getting louder. Think 'increasing sound'.
渐强：音量逐渐增大。
Diminuendo (dim.) / Decrescendo: gradually getting softer.
渐弱：音量逐渐减小。
Sforzando (sfz): a sudden, strong accent on a note or chord.
突强：瞬间给予某一个音或和弦强烈的重音。
Legato: smooth and connected notes, indicated by a slur.
连奏：音符平滑连贯地演奏、演唱，用连线标记。
Staccato: short and detached notes, indicated by a dot above or below the note head.
断奏：音符短促、分离，用音符上下方的小圆点表示。
Tenuto: hold the note for its full value, perhaps slightly stressed; indicated by a horizontal line.
保持音：充分保持时值并稍加强调，用横向短线标记。
Rubato: expressive flexibility of tempo; gentle speeding up and slowing down for phrasing.
弹性速度：自由地紧弛速度，为表情服务的节奏伸缩。
6. Structure and Form | 结构与曲式
Binary form (AB): Two contrasting sections, each often repeated; common in Baroque dance movements.
二段体 (AB)：两个对比乐段，每段常常重复，常见于巴洛克舞曲。
Ternary form (ABA): A three-section structure where the opening section returns after a contrasting middle.
三段体 (ABA)：首段在对比中段之后再度回归的三部性结构。
Rondo form (ABACA…): A main theme (A) alternates with contrasting episodes; the A section keeps returning.
回旋曲式 (ABACA…)：主要主题 (A) 与不同插部交替出现，A 段不断返回。
Theme and Variations: A theme is presented and then altered in successive variations (changes in melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, etc.).
主题与变奏：先呈示主题，然后通过改变旋律、节奏、和声、织体等方式进行多次变奏。
Strophic: Same music is repeated for each verse; typical of folk and art songs.
分节歌：各段歌词重复使用相同的音乐，常见于民歌与艺术歌曲。 Published by TutorHao | Year 11 音乐 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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