📚 Year 11 Eduqas Philosophy: Essential Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Eduqas 11年级哲学术语速记指南
Mastering philosophical vocabulary is essential for success in the Year 11 Eduqas Philosophy exam. This quick revision guide covers key terms from the Philosophy of Religion and Ethics components, helping you to build precise definitions and link ideas confidently. Each term is presented with a clear English explanation followed by a Chinese translation, designed to strengthen bilingual understanding and long-term memory.
掌握哲学术语对于在 Eduqas 11 年级哲学考试中取得成功至关重要。这份速记指南涵盖了宗教哲学与伦理学部分的关键术语，帮助你建立精确的定义并自信地联系各种观点。每个术语都先用清晰的英文解释，再给出中文对译，旨在强化双语理解与长期记忆。
1. The Nature of God | 神的属性
The following terms describe different aspects of God's nature as understood in classical theism and are essential for discussing arguments about God.
以下术语描述了在古典有神论中所理解的神的不同方面，并对讨论关于神的论证至关重要。
Theist: A person who believes in the existence of a personal, transcendent God who created and sustains the universe; this belief typically includes the acceptance of divine revelation.
有神论者： 相信存在一位人格化、超越性的神，这位神创造并维系宇宙的人；这种信仰通常包含对神圣启示的接受。
Atheist: A person who denies the existence of any deity or God, often based on a lack of empirical evidence or the logical problem of evil.
无神论者： 否认任何神或上帝存在的人，通常基于缺乏经验证据或恶的逻辑问题。
Agnostic: A person who claims that it is impossible to know whether or not God exists; the agnostic suspends judgement due to insufficient evidence on either side.
不可知论者： 声称不可能知道上帝是否存在的人；不可知论者因双方证据均不足而悬置判断。
Omnipotent: The attribute of being all-powerful; God can do anything that is logically possible, such as creating the universe, but cannot do what is logically contradictory (e.g., making a square circle).
全能： 拥有所有能力的属性；上帝能做任何逻辑上可能的事，如创造宇宙，但不能做逻辑上矛盾的事（例如创造一个方的圆）。
Omniscient: The attribute of being all-knowing; God knows everything that has happened, is happening and will happen, including human thoughts and future free choices.
全知： 无所不知的属性；上帝知道过去、现在和未来的一切，包括人的内心想法和未来的自由抉择。
Omnibenevolent: The attribute of being perfectly good and all-loving; God’s nature is to will only what is morally good and to care for all creation unconditionally.
全善： 完全良善且充满慈爱的属性；上帝的本性是只意愿道德良善之事，并无条件地眷顾一切受造物。
Transcendent: The belief that God exists beyond the physical universe, outside space and time, and is not limited by the material world; a transcendent God is wholly other.
超越性： 相信上帝存在于物质宇宙之外，超越空间与时间，不受物质世界限制；超越的上帝是全然他者。
Immanent: The belief that God is present and active within the world, involved in human lives and the natural order, though not physically visible; God is close to creation.
内在性： 相信上帝临在于世界之中，积极参与人类生活和自然秩序，虽肉眼不可见；上帝与受造物亲近。
2. Arguments for God's Existence | 神存在的论证
The arguments below use reason and observation to support belief in God; each has a distinct logical shape and key terminology.
以下论证运用理性与观察来支持对上帝的信仰；每个论证都有独特的逻辑结构及关键术语。
Cosmological Argument: An argument that God must exist as the first cause or necessary ground of the universe. It points to the fact that the universe began to exist, so it needs an uncaused cause.
宇宙论论证： 主张上帝必然作为宇宙的第一因或必然根基而存在的论证。它指出宇宙有开始，因此需要一个无因之因。
Design Argument (Teleological Argument): An argument that observes order, purpose and complexity in the world to conclude that there must be an intelligent designer—God.
设计论证（目的论论证）： 通过观察世界的秩序、目的与复杂性，推断出必定有一位智慧的设计者——上帝。
First Cause: The initial cause that started the chain of causation in the universe; it itself had no cause, and the cosmological argument identifies this as God.
第一因： 引发宇宙因果链条的起始之因；它自身没有原因，宇宙论论证将其判定为上帝。
Uncaused Cause: A being that exists without being caused by anything else; Aquinas called this the 'first uncaused cause' which is God.
无因之因： 不需被任何其他东西所引起而存在的一位；阿奎那称之为第一无因之因，即上帝。
Contingent Being: A being whose existence depends on something else; the universe is contingent, meaning it could have not existed.
偶然存在： 其存在依赖于其他事物的存有；宇宙是偶然的，意味着它本可以不存在。
Necessary Being: A being that must exist and cannot not exist; the cosmological argument asserts that this necessary being is God.
必然存在： 必须存在且不可能不存在的存有；宇宙论论证宣称这一必然存在就是上帝。
Paley's Watch Analogy: William Paley argued that if you find a watch, its complexity implies a watchmaker; similarly the world’s complexity implies a divine designer.
佩利的钟表类比： 威廉-佩利论证说，如果你发现一只表，其复杂性暗示有一位制表匠；同理，世界的复杂性暗示有一位神圣设计者。
Order and Purpose: Key features of the design argument: the way parts of the universe fit together for a specific function suggests intelligent planning rather than random chance.
秩序与目的： 设计论证的关键特征：宇宙各部分为特定功能而协同运作，暗示着智慧规划而非随机偶然。
3. Religious Experience | 宗教体验
Religious experiences are personal encounters or awareness of the divine; these terms help classify and evaluate such experiences as evidence for God.
宗教体验指个人与神明的相遇或对神明的感知；以下术语有助于分类并评估这类体验作为上帝存在的证据。
Religious Experience: A subjective encounter with God or the divine that often changes the person's life and provides a sense of ultimate reality.
宗教体验： 与上帝或神明相遇的主观经历，常改变人的生命，带来终极实在感。
Numinous: An experience of the 'wholly other' that produces awe, fascination and a sense of creaturely dependence; a term used by Rudolf Otto.
努秘体验： 一种全然他者的体验，令人产生敬畏、着迷以及受造物依赖感；这是鲁道夫-奥托使用的术语。
Conversion: A radical change of heart and direction in life, often involving a move to faith in God from a previous position of unbelief or a different faith.
皈依： 心灵与人生方向的彻底改变，通常涉及从不信或另一信仰转向对上帝的信仰。
Vision: A sensory experience in which a person sees a figure, light or event with religious significance; visions can be corporeal or imaginative.
异象： 人看到具有宗教意义的形象、光亮或事件的感官体验；异像可以是身体性的，也可以是想象的。
Miracle: An extraordinary event that appears to break the laws of nature and is attributed to divine action; for example, healings unexplainable by science.
神迹： 看似打破了自然法则的超常事件，被归因为神圣作为；例如，科学无法解释的医治。
Corporate Religious Experience: A religious experience shared by a group, such as worship, visions witnessed by many, or mass conversions; it adds credibility through communal witness.
集体宗教体验： 一群人所共享的宗教经验，如集体敬拜、多人目睹的异象或大量归主；通过共同的见证增加可信度。
4. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
This topic examines whether evil and suffering are logically compatible with the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent God.
本主题探讨恶与痛苦在逻辑上是否与全能、全知、全善的上帝相容。
Problem of Evil: The challenge that if God knows about suffering, wants to stop it and can stop it, evil should not exist; therefore, the existence of evil counts against God's existence.
恶的问题： 挑战在于：如果上帝知道痛苦，愿意阻止并能阻止，那么恶就不应存在；因此，恶的存在成为反对上帝存在的理由。
Moral Evil: Suffering caused by human choices that abuse free will, such as murder, theft, cruelty and genocide.
道德恶： 由滥用自由意志的人为选择导致的痛苦，例如谋杀、盗窃、残酷和种族灭绝。
Natural Evil: Suffering caused by natural events without direct human agency, such as earthquakes, floods, diseases and pandemics.
自然恶： 由自然事件而非直接人为因素造成的痛苦，如地震、洪水、疾病和流行病。
Inconsistent Triad: J. L. Mackie's argument that the attributes of omnipotence, omnibenevolence and the existence of evil cannot all be true together; at least one must be denied.
不相容三元组： 麦基的论证：全能、全善与恶的存在这三者不能同时为真；必须否认至少一个。
Theodicy: An attempt to justify God's goodness and existence despite the presence of evil; theodicies offer reasons why God might allow suffering.
神义论： 为上帝在恶存在的情况下仍为良善与存在进行辩护的尝试；神义论提出上帝可能容许痛苦的理由。
Free Will Defense: The argument that God gave humans genuine free will, and moral evil is the result of misusing that freedom; a world with free will is better than one without.
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 哲学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图