📚 Eduqas GCSE Politics: Key Terms Quick-Memorisation Guide | Eduqas GCSE 政治：关键术语速记指南
Mastering key political vocabulary is essential for success in Eduqas GCSE Politics. This guide breaks down core terms into memorable bilingual definitions, helping you recall them quickly in exams. Each term is explained first in English then in Chinese for deeper understanding.
掌握关键的政治词汇对于在 Eduqas GCSE 政治考试中取得成功至关重要。本指南将核心术语分解为易记的双语定义，帮助你在考试中快速回忆。每个术语先用英文解释，再用中文解释，以便更深入理解。
1. Democracy and Participation | 民主与参与
Democracy – A system where the power to govern comes from the people, either directly or through freely elected representatives. Core principles include popular sovereignty, political equality, and majority rule with minority rights protection.
民主 – 一种统治权力来自人民的体制，可直接行使或通过自由选举的代表行使。核心原则包括人民主权、政治平等，以及多数统治并保护少数的权利。
Direct democracy – Citizens vote on laws and policies themselves rather than delegating decisions to elected officials. The UK has used this via referendums, for example on EU membership in 2016.
直接民主 – 公民自身对法律和政策进行投票，而不是委托给选举产生的官员。英国通过全民公投使用了直接民主形式，例如2016年的欧盟会员资格公投。
Representative democracy – Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK is a representative democracy where MPs are chosen to act in the interests of constituents.
代议制民主 – 公民选举代表来代自己做出决策。英国是一个代议制民主国家，议员被选出来代表选民的利益行事。
Participation crisis – A decline in traditional forms of political engagement such as voting turnout, party membership, and trust in politicians, raising concerns about the health of democracy.
参与危机 – 传统政治参与形式（如投票率、党派成员资格和对政治家的信任）下降，引发对民主健康状况的担忧。
Referendum – A direct vote by the electorate on a single political question that requires a 'yes' or 'no' answer. It is a tool of direct democracy sometimes used to decide constitutional issues.
全民公投 – 选民就单一政治问题进行直接投票，需要给出“是”或“否”的回答。它是直接民主的一种工具，有时用来决定宪法问题。
Legitimacy – The right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or regime. In a democracy, legitimacy comes from free elections and consent of the governed.
合法性 – 一种权威（通常是治理法律或政权）被认可和接受的权利。在民主制度中，合法性来源于自由选举和被统治者的同意。
2. Political Parties and the Spectrum | 政党与政治光谱
Political party – An organised group of people with broadly similar political views, seeking to gain power by winning
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