📚 Year 11 Eduqas Computer Science Vocabulary Fast-Track Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of computing is the first step to acing your Eduqas GCSE Computer Science exams. This fast‑track guide breaks down the essential terminology into bite‑sized, paired explanations – every English definition immediately followed by its Chinese counterpart – so you can memorise with confidence and clarity.
掌握计算机科学的语言是攻克 Eduqas GCSE 计算机考试的第一步。本速记指南将核心术语拆解为成对的中英文解释——每个英文定义后紧跟对应的中文释义，帮助你自信、清晰地记忆。
1. Algorithms and Computational Thinking | 算法与计算思维
Algorithm: A precise, step‑by‑step set of instructions designed to perform a task or solve a problem.
算法： 一组精确的、逐步执行的指令，用于完成任务或解决问题。
Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub‑problems.
分解： 将一个复杂问题拆分成更小、更易于处理的子问题。
Abstraction: Removing unnecessary detail to focus on the essential features of a problem.
抽象： 去除不必要的细节，聚焦问题的核心特征。
Pattern recognition: Identifying similarities or trends in problems to reuse existing solutions.
模式识别： 识别问题中的相似点或趋势，以便复用已有的解决方案。
Pseudocode: A plain‑language description of an algorithm using structural conventions, but not bound by programming syntax.
伪代码： 使用结构化约定描述算法的自然语言，不受编程语法限制。
2. Data Structures | 数据结构
Array: A static, fixed‑size data structure containing elements of the same data type, accessed by an index starting from 0.
数组： 一种静态、固定大小的数据结构，包含相同数据类型的元素，通过从0开始的索引访问。
List: A dynamic, mutable collection of items that can change size and store elements of different types (in high‑level languages).
列表： 一种动态、可变的元素集合，大小可变，能够存储不同类型的数据（在高级语言中）。
Record: A composite data type that groups related fields of different types under one name.
记录： 一种复合数据类型，将不同类型的相关字段组合在同一个名称下。
String: A sequence of characters, often treated as an array of characters.
字符串： 一串字符序列，通常被视为字符数组。
3. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable: A named storage location in memory whose value can change during program execution.
变量： 内存中一个已命名的存储位置，程序执行期间其值可以改变。
Constant: A named value that remains unchanged throughout the execution of a program.
常量： 一个已命名的数值，在程序执行过程中保持不变。
Selection: A control structure that allows a program to choose different paths of execution based on conditions (e.g. IF‑THEN‑ELSE).
选择： 一种控制结构，允许程序根据条件选择不同的执行路径（如 IF‑THEN‑ELSE）。
Iteration: Repeating a block of code; commonly implemented as definite loops (FOR) or indefinite loops (WHILE).
迭代： 重复执行一段代码；通常实现为确定循环（FOR）或非确定循环（WHILE）。
Subroutine: A named block of code designed to perform a specific task – functions return a value, procedures do not.
子程序： 为完成特定任务而设计的具名代码块——函数返回值，过程不返回值。
4. Object‑Oriented Programming | 面向对象编程
Class: A blueprint or template defining the attributes (data) and methods (behaviour) that objects created from it will have.
类： 一种蓝图或模板，定义了由其创建的对象所应具有的属性（数据）和方法（行为）。
Object: An instance of a class, containing actual values for the attributes and able to execute the defined methods.
对象： 类的实例，包含属性实际值并能执行定义好的方法。
Encapsulation: Bundling data and the methods that operate on that data within a single unit, and restricting direct access to some of an object's components.
封装： 将数据及操作这些数据的方法捆绑在单一单元中，并限制对对象某些组成部分的直接访问。
Inheritance: A mechanism where a new class derives properties and methods from an existing class, promoting code reuse.
继承： 一种机制，新类从现有类中派生属性和方法，促进代码复用。
Polymorphism: The ability of objects of different classes to respond to the same method call in their own way.
多态： 不同类的对象能够以各自的方式响应同一方法调用的能力。
5. Computer Hardware | 计算机硬件
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The 'brain' of the computer that executes instructions; its performance is determined by clock speed, number of cores, and cache size.
CPU（中央处理器）： 计算机的“大脑”，执行指令；其性能由时钟速度、核心数量和缓存大小决定。
Von Neumann architecture: A design model where both program instructions and data share the same memory and bus system.
冯·诺依曼架构： 一种设计模型，程序指令和数据共享同一内存和总线系统。
RAM: Random Access Memory – fast, volatile memory that stores data and instructions currently in use.
RAM： 随机存取存储器——快速、易失性内存，存储当前正在使用的数据和指令。
ROM: Read Only Memory – non‑volatile memory that retains its contents when power is off, typically storing the boot firmware (BIOS).
ROM： 只读存储器——非易失性内存，断电后仍能保留内容，通常存储启动固件（BIOS）。
Secondary storage: Non‑volatile storage for long‑term data retention – includes magnetic (HDD), solid‑state (SSD), and optical media.
辅助存储： 非易失性存储，用于长期保存数据——包括磁性（HDD）、固态（SSD）和光介质。
6. Networks and Communication | 网络与通信
LAN (Local Area Network): A network covering a small geographical area, often using Ethernet or Wi‑Fi to connect devices.
LAN（局域网）： 覆盖较小地理范围的网络，通常使用以太网或 Wi‑Fi 连接设备。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network spanning large distances, connecting multiple LANs; the internet is the largest WAN.
WAN（广域网）： 跨越长距离的网络，连接多个局域网；互联网是最大的广域网。
Protocol: A set of rules governing how data is transmitted and received across a network (e.g. TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP).
协议： 一组规则，规定数据在网络中如何传输和接收（如 TCP/IP、HTTP、FTP）。
Packet switching: A method of data transmission where files are broken into packets, sent independently, and reassembled at the destination.
分组交换： 一种数据传输方法，将文件拆分为数据包，独立发送，并在目的地重新组合。
IP address: A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, allowing identification and communication.
IP 地址： 分配给网络上每个设备的唯一数字标签，用于识别和通信。
7. Cybersecurity | 网络安全
Malware: Malicious software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system – includes viruses, worms, and trojans.
恶意软件： 旨在破坏、损害或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件，包括病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where fraudulent communications appear to come from a reputable source to trick individuals into revealing sensitive data.
网络钓鱼： 一种社会工程攻击，利用看似来自可信任来源的欺诈性通信，诱骗个人泄露敏感数据。
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and key, so that only authorised parties can read it.
加密： 使用算法和密钥将明文转换为密文的过程，使得只有授权方才能读取。
Brute‑force attack: A trial‑and‑error method to crack passwords or encryption by systematically trying all possible combinations.
暴力攻击： 通过系统地尝试所有可能组合来破解密码或加密的试错方法。
Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙： 一种网络安全系统，根据预设安全规则监控和控制进出网络流量。
8. Databases | 数据库
Database: A structured, persistent collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.
数据库： 结构化的、持久性的数据集合，便于访问、管理和更新。
Table: A database object composed of rows (records) and columns (fields) used to store data about a specific entity.
表： 由行（记录）和列（字段）组成的数据库对象，用于存储特定实体的数据。
Primary key: A field that uniquely identifies each record in a table; no two records can share the same primary key value.
主键： 唯一标识表中每条记录的字段；任意两条记录的主键值不得重复。
Foreign key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, creating a relationship between them.
外键： 一个表中的字段，引用另一个表的主键，从而在两个表之间建立关系。
SQL: Structured Query Language used to create, retrieve, update, and delete data in relational databases.
SQL： 结构化查询语言，用于在关系数据库中创建、检索、更新和删除数据。
9. Software Development Life Cycle | 软件开发流程
SDLC: A systematic process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying software; common models include Waterfall and Agile.
SDLC（软件开发生命周期）： 规划、创建、测试和部署软件的系统化流程；常见模型包括瀑布模型和敏捷模型。
Analysis: The first phase where requirements are gathered and feasibility is studied to define exactly what the software must do.
分析： 第一阶段，收集需求并研究可行性，准确界定软件必须实现的功能。
Design: The stage where the system architecture, user interface, and data structures are planned, often using diagrams like flowcharts or entity‑relationship models.
设计： 规划系统架构、用户界面和数据结构的阶段，常使用流程图或实体关系图等图表。
Testing: A systematic evaluation to identify faults and ensure the software meets its requirements; includes unit, integration, and acceptance testing.
测试： 系统化评估，发现缺陷并确保软件满足需求；包括单元测试、集成测试和验收测试。
Validation and verification: Validation checks that the right product is built; verification checks that the product is built correctly.
确认与验证： 确认是检查是否构建了正确的产品；验证是检查产品是否被正确构建。
10. Ethics and Legal Issues | 计算伦理与法律
Data Protection Act 2018: UK legislation controlling how personal information is used by organisations, giving individuals rights over their data.
《2018 年数据保护法》： 英国法律，规范组织如何使用个人信息，赋予个人对其数据的权利。
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act: Protects intellectual property such as software code, images, and text, making it illegal to copy without permission.
《版权、设计及专利法》： 保护软件代码、图片和文本等知识产权，未经许可复制即为非法。
Open source: Software whose source code is made freely available and may be redistributed and modified, typically under a specific licence.
开源： 源代码自由开放且可重新分发和修改的软件，通常在特定许可证下发布。
Environmental impact: The effect of technology on the planet, including energy consumption of data centres, e‑waste, and the carbon footprint of manufacturing devices.
环境影响： 科技对地球的影响，包括数据中心的能耗、电子废弃物以及生产设备产生的碳足迹。
Digital divide: The gap between those who have ready access to computers and the internet and those who do not, often influenced by socio‑economic factors.
数字鸿沟： 能够轻松接触计算机与互联网的人群与无法做到的人群之间的差距，通常受社会经济因素影响。
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