📚 Eduqas GCSE Geography: Key Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Eduqas GCSE 地理：关键术语速记指南
Mastering geographical terminology is essential for success in the Eduqas GCSE Geography exam. This guide presents key terms in logically grouped sections, with each English explanation immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent to strengthen recall and understanding. Use the tables, definitions, and memory triggers to boost your revision.
掌握地理术语是 Eduqas GCSE 地理考试成功的关键。本指南将关键术语按逻辑分组，每个英文解释后紧跟其中文对应表述，以强化记忆与理解。利用表格、定义和记忆触发点来提升复习效果。
1. River Landscapes Terminology | 河流景观术语
Abrasion is the scraping action of the load against the bed and banks, wearing them away like sandpaper.
磨蚀 是指河流携带的碎屑像砂纸一样刮擦河床和河岸，使其遭受侵蚀。
Attrition happens when rocks carried by the river knock against each other, becoming smaller, rounder, and smoother.
磨圆作用 发生在河流携带的石块相互碰撞时，使它们变得更小、更圆、更光滑。
Hydraulic action is the force of the water itself compressing air into cracks, leading to sudden pressure release that weakens and breaks the rock.
水力作用 是水流将空气压缩进岩石裂缝，导致压力突然释放，从而削弱并破碎岩石。
Solution (corrosion) is where soluble rocks like limestone are dissolved by slightly acidic river water.
溶蚀作用 是指可溶性岩石（如石灰岩）被微酸性的河水溶解的过程。
- Erosion Processes 侵蚀过程: Abrasion 磨蚀, Attrition 磨圆, Hydraulic Action 水力作用, Solution 溶蚀
- Transportation 搬运过程: Traction 牵引, Saltation 跳跃, Suspension 悬浮, Solution 溶解
- Features 地貌: Waterfall 瀑布, Meander 曲流, Oxbow Lake 牛轭湖, Floodplain 泛滥平原
| English Term 英文术语 | Chinese Term 中文术语 | Definition / Mnemonic 释义 / 助记 |
| Oxbow Lake | 牛轭湖 | A crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off. Think: 'oxbow' like a U-shaped ox yoke. |
| Floodplain | 泛滥平原 | Flat land beside a river that is naturally flooded during high discharge. |
2. Coastal Landscapes Terminology | 海岸景观术语
The key erosional landforms include headlands and bays, cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. These result from differential erosion of alternating hard and soft rock.
关键侵蚀地貌包括海岬和海湾、海蚀崖、波切台、海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱和海蚀残柱。这些是由软硬交替岩石的差异化侵蚀形成的。
Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along a coastline in a zigzag pattern caused by prevailing winds and waves approaching at an angle.
沿岸漂流 是指在盛行风和斜向波浪作用下，沉积物沿海岸线呈锯齿状移动的过程。
Depositional landforms include beaches, spits, salt marshes, sand dunes, and tombolos. A spit, for example, is an elongated ridge of sand or shingle extending from the shore into the sea.
堆积地貌包括海滩、沙嘴、盐沼、沙丘和连岛沙洲。例如，沙嘴是从海岸向海中延伸的长条形沙脊。
- Erosion 侵蚀: Hydraulic action 水力作用, Abrasion 磨蚀, Attrition 磨圆, Solution 溶蚀 — identical names to fluvial processes but applied to coastal waves.
- Weathering 风化: Chemical, biological, freeze-thaw — weaken cliffs before mass movement and erosion.
ormation → Longshore drift + change in coastline direction + deposition in sheltered water
沙嘴形成 → 沿岸漂流 + 海岸线方向变化 + 在遮蔽水域沉积
3. Glacial Landscapes Terminology | 冰川景观术语
Glaciers shape upland areas through plucking (glacier freezes onto rock, ripping it away) and abrasion (scraping by embedded rock fragments).
冰川通过拔蚀作用（冰川冻结在岩石上将其拔起）和磨蚀作用（嵌入的岩石碎块刮擦地表）塑造高地地貌。
A corrie (cirque) is a deep, armchair-shaped hollow found on a mountainside, formed by rotational slip and plucking.
冰斗（围谷）是一座山腰上形如扶手椅的深凹陷地貌，由旋转滑动和拔蚀作用形成。
A U-shaped valley (glacial trough) is characterised by steep sides and a flat floor, contrasting with V-shaped river valleys. Hanging valleys are tributary valleys left elevated above the main trough.
U 形谷（冰川槽谷）具有陡峭的侧壁和平坦的谷底，与 V 形河谷形成鲜明对比。悬谷是高于主槽谷的支流山谷。
- Erosional features 侵蚀地貌: Corrie 冰斗, Arete 刃脊, Pyramidal peak 角峰, U-shaped valley U 形谷, Ribbon lake 带湖
- Depositional features 堆积地貌: Terminal moraine 终碛, Lateral moraine 侧碛, Drumlin 鼓丘, Erratic 冰川漂砾
4. Weather and Climate Terminology | 天气与气候术语
Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, while climate is the average weather conditions over at least 30 years.
天气是大气每天的瞬时状态，而气候是至少 30 年的平均天气状况。
Precipitation can be relief (orographic), frontal, or convectional. Relief rainfall occurs when moist air is forced to rise over mountains, cools, condenses, and rains on the windward side.
降水可分为地形雨、锋面雨和对流雨。地形雨发生潮湿空气被迫抬升越过高山时，冷却凝结，在迎风坡形成降雨。
An anticyclone is a high-pressure system bringing stable, dry weather and clear skies. A depression is a low-pressure system bringing cloudy, windy, and wet weather.
反气旋是高压系统，带来稳定、干燥的天气和晴朗天空。低气压（气旋）是低压系统，带来多云、大风和潮湿天气。
- Air masses affecting the UK 影响英国的空气团: Polar Maritime 极地海洋性, Tropical Continental 热带大陆性, etc.
- Climate change indicators 气候变化指标: Global temperature rise 全球气温升高, Sea level rise 海平面上升, Shrinking ice sheets 冰盖消融
5. Ecosystems and Biomes Terminology | 生态系统与生物群系术语
A biome is a large-scale global ecosystem, such as tropical rainforest, tundra, or desert, determined by climate.
生物群系是全球尺度的大生态系统，如热带雨林、苔原或沙漠，由气候决定。
A food chain shows the linear flow of energy from producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers. A food web is a more complex network of interconnected food chains.
食物链显示能量从生产者到初级消费者再到次级消费者的线性流动。食物网是相互连接的食物链构成的复杂网络。
Biomass is the total mass of living organisms in a given area or volume. Nutrient cycling involves the transfer of nutrients between the biomass, litter, and soil stores.
生物量是指特定面积或体积内所有生物的总质量。养分循环涉及营养物在生物量、枯枝落叶和土壤储存库之间的转移。
- Key terms 关键术语: Producer 生产者, Consumer 消费者, Decomposer 分解者, Trophic level 营养级
- Tropical rainforest features 热带雨林特征: Emergent layer 露生层, Canopy 冠层, Drip tip 滴水叶尖, Buttress root 板根, Liana 藤本植物
6. Population and Settlement Terminology | 人口与聚落术语
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Counter-urbanisation is the process of people moving from urban areas to rural areas.
城市化是城镇和城市人口比例增加的过程。逆城市化是人们从城市地区移居到乡村地区的过程。
Megacities are cities with populations over 10 million. Natural increase is the birth rate minus the death rate, while net migration is in-migration minus out-migration.
超大城市是指人口超过 1000 万的城市。自然增长率是出生率减死亡率，净迁移率是迁入率减迁出率。
The Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial heart of a city, often featuring shops, offices, and high land values. Suburbanisation is the outward growth of towns into surrounding rural areas.
中央商务区 (CBD) 是城市的商业中心，通常拥有商店、写字楼和高地价。郊区化是城镇向外扩展至周边乡村地区。
- Density terms 密度术语: Population density 人口密度 (people per km² 人/平方公里), Overpopulation 人口过密 (too many people for resources), Underpopulation 人口不足 (too few people to fully exploit resources)
7. Economic Development Terminology | 经济发展术语
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of goods and services produced in a country per year. GDP per capita is GDP divided by the population, giving an average income measure.
国内生产总值 (GDP) 是一国一年内生产的商品和服务总价值。人均 GDP 是 GDP 除以人口，给出平均收入衡量指标。
The Human Development Index (HDI) combines life expectancy, education, and income to rank countries. A score ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 is the highest.
人类发展指数 (HDI) 结合预期寿命、教育和收入对国家进行排名。分数从 0 到 1，1 为最高。
The Gini coefficient measures inequality: 0 means perfect equality, 100 means absolute inequality. Fair trade ensures producers in lower-income countries receive a fair price and social premium.
基尼系数衡量不平等程度：0 表示绝对平等，100 表示绝对不平等。公平贸易确保低收入国家的生产者获得公平价格和社会溢价。
| Term 术语 | Chinese 中文 | Simplified meaning 简意 |
| Globalisation | 全球化 | Increasing interconnectedness of economies and cultures. |
| TNC (Transnational Corporation) | 跨国公司 | A company operating in many countries, e.g., Nike. |
8. Resource Management and Sustainability Terminology | 资源管理与可持续性术语
Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It balances environmental, social, and economic factors.
可持续发展在不损害后代满足其自身需求能力的前提下满足当代人的需求，平衡环境、社会和经济因素。
Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, tidal, and geothermal; they can be replenished naturally. Non-renewable sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas are finite.
可再生能源包括太阳能、风能、水能、潮汐能和地热能，可自然补充。不可再生能源如煤炭、石油和天然气是有限的。
Food miles measure the distance food travels from farm to consumer; reducing food miles can lower carbon emissions. Carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event, or product.
食物里程衡量食物从农场到消费者的运输距离；减少食物里程可降低碳排放。碳足迹是个人、事件或产品导致的温室气体排放总量。
- Water management terms 水资源管理术语: Water deficit 水资源不足, Water surplus 水资源过剩, Water transfer scheme 调水工程, Desalination 海水淡化
9. Tectonic Hazards Terminology | 构造灾害术语
The Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. Plate boundaries include constructive (divergent), destructive (convergent), and conservative (transform).
地壳被分为构造板块，板块因地幔内的对流而移动。板块边界包括建设型（离散型）、破坏型（汇聚型）和守恒型（转换型）。
Focus is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake originates; epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus. Seismic waves (P-waves and S-waves) radiate from the focus.
震源是地球内部地震发生的位置；震中是震源正上方的地表点。地震波（P 波和 S 波）从震源向外辐射。
Shield volcanoes have gently sloping sides and runny lava, typically found at constructive boundaries; composite volcanoes are steep-sided with viscous lava and explosive eruptions, often found at destructive boundaries.
盾状火山具有缓坡和流动性强的熔岩，常见于建设型边界；复式火山坡陡，熔岩黏稠，常有爆炸性喷发，常见于破坏型边界。
- Responses 应对: Prediction 预测, Protection 防护, Planning 规划 — the 3 P's of hazard management.
- Case study terms 案例术语: Primary effects 直接影响, Secondary effects 次生影响, Immediate responses 即时响应, Long-term responses 长期响应
10. Map Skills Terminology | 地图技能术语
Contour lines join points of equal height, allowing you to visualise relief. The closer the contours, the steeper the slope.
等高线连接相同高度的点，让你能够直观看到地形；等高线越密，坡度越陡。
A four-figure grid reference locates a grid square (e.g., 2536), while a six-figure grid reference pinpoints a specific point within that square (e.g., 258364). Remember: 'along the corridor and up the stairs'.
四位数字网格参考定位一个方格（如 2536），六位数字网格参考则可精确定位方格内的具体点（如 258364）。记住口诀："沿走廊再上楼"（先横后纵）。
Scale can be expressed as a ratio (1:25,000), a linear scale bar, or a statement ('2 cm to 1 km'). Map orientation is shown by a north arrow; the majority of OS maps use grid north.
比例尺可以用数字比例尺（1:25000）、直线比例尺或文字式（"图上 2 厘米代表实地 1 千米"）表示。地图方向由指北箭头标示；大多数地形测量地图使用网格北。
| Symbol 符号 | Meaning 含义 |
| Blue lines 蓝线 | Rivers, lakes 河流、湖泊 |
| Orange dashed lines 橙色虚线 | Footpath 人行小径 |
| Triangulation pillar ▲ | Spot height 标高点 |
11. Coastal and River Management Terminology | 海岸与河流管理术语
Hard engineering uses artificial structures to control natural processes. Examples include groynes (timber or rock barriers built at right angles to a beach to trap sediment) and sea walls (curved concrete walls reflecting wave energy).
硬工程措施使用人工构筑物控制自然过程。例如，防波堤（垂直于海滩的木材或石块障碍，用于截留沉积物）和防波墙（弧形混凝土墙，反射波浪能量）。
Soft engineering works with natural processes instead of against them. Beach nourishment involves replacing sand lost to erosion, while managed retreat allows low-lying land to flood and return to salt marsh.
软工程措施顺应自然过程而非对抗它。海滩补沙是指补充侵蚀流失的沙子，有管理撤退则是允许低洼地被淹没并恢复成盐沼。
River management in the UK often uses both approaches: channel straightening (hard) reduces flooding upstream but can increase erosion downstream; floodplain zoning (soft) restricts development on flood-risk land.
英国的河流管理常结合两种方法：河道裁弯取直（硬措施）可减少上游洪水，但可能加剧下游侵蚀；洪泛区分区（软措施）限制在洪水风险区开发建设。
- Soft vs Hard 软硬对比: Soft is cheaper, lower maintenance, enhances habitats, but may be less effective in extreme events.
12. Revision Memory Aids for Key Terms | 关键术语复习记忆法
Use acronym mnemonics: for the four erosion processes, remember 'A H A S' — Abrasion, Hydraulic Action, Attrition, Solution. Keep them in alphabetical order for easy recall.
使用首字母缩写法：对于四种侵蚀过程，记住 "AHAS" — 磨蚀、水力作用、磨圆、溶蚀。按字母顺序排列便于回忆。
Link terms to vivid images: imagine an 'oxbow lake' as a horseshoe-shaped water body when a river cuts through a meander neck. For 'longshore drift', picture a zigzag path of pebbles being pulled along the shore.
将术语与生动画面联系起来：想象"牛轭湖"是河流裁弯取直后留下的马蹄状水体；对于"沿岸漂流"，想象卵石沿海岸被拉动的锯齿形路径。
Create dual-coding tables: write the English term on one side of a flashcard and the Chinese term with a sketch on the reverse. Test yourself by explaining the term aloud in English first, then in Chinese.
制作双重编码卡片：在闪卡一面写上英文术语，另一面写上中文术语并加上简要草图。先尝试用英语口头解释该术语，再用中文复述，以此自测。
Practise using the terms in extended writing: for example, describe the formation of a spit using 'prevailing wind' , 'swash' , 'backwash' , 'longshore drift' , and 'deposition' in sequence.
在长篇写作中练习使用术语：例如，依次使用"盛行风"、"冲流"、"回流"、"沿岸漂流"和"沉积"描述沙嘴的形成过程。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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