📚 Case Study Practice for Year 11 Eduqas Psychology | Year 11 Eduqas 心理学：案例分析实战演练
Case studies are a cornerstone of psychological research and feature heavily in the Eduqas GCSE specification. Mastering how to read, analyse, and evaluate a case study is essential for scoring highly on extended answer questions. This revision resource walks you through the key skills, offers practical examples linked directly to the Eduqas topics, and provides exam-style practice to build your confidence.
案例研究是心理学研究的基石，在 Eduqas GCSE 考纲中占有重要地位。掌握如何阅读、分析和评价一个案例研究对于在扩展作答题目中取得高分至关重要。本复习资源将带你梳理关键技能，提供直接与 Eduqas 主题相关的实战示例，并通过考试风格的练习帮助你建立信心。
1. What Is a Case Study? | 什么是案例研究？
A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. In psychology, researchers use case studies to gather rich, detailed qualitative data that might not emerge from large-scale experiments. The Eduqas course expects you to recognise that case studies often involve a combination of methods such as interviews, observations, and questionnaires.
案例研究是对单个个体、群体或事件进行的深入调查。在心理学中，研究者使用案例研究来收集丰富、详细的定性数据，这些数据可能难以通过大规模实验获得。Eduqas 课程要求你认识到案例研究通常涉及多种方法的组合，如访谈、观察和问卷调查。
2. Key Features of Case Studies | 案例研究的主要特征
A well-designed case study focuses on a unique or rare phenomenon, collects data longitudinally (over time), and provides a holistic picture of the subject. The data are typically qualitative, although quantitative measures like test scores may be included. Triangulation – using multiple sources of evidence – is a common technique to increase validity.
一个设计良好的案例研究会聚焦于独特或罕见的现象，纵向（长期）收集数据，并提供对研究对象的整体描绘。数据通常是定性的，但也可能包含定量指标，如测验分数。三角验证——使用多种证据来源——是提高效度的常用技术。
- Focus on one case or a small sample / 聚焦于单个个案或小样本
- Longitudinal design / 纵向设计
- Use of interviews, observations, diaries / 使用访谈、观察、日记
- Rich, detailed data / 丰富、详细的数据
3. Strengths and Limitations | 优点与局限
Case studies offer high ecological validity because they examine real-life situations. They can generate new hypotheses and challenge existing theories. However, generalisability is very limited because of the small sample size. Researcher bias can also affect data collection and interpretation, and retrospective accounts may be unreliable.
案例研究具有较高的生态效度，因为它们考察的是真实生活情境。它们能够产生新的假设并挑战现有理论。然而，由于样本量小，其可推广性非常有限。研究者偏见也可能影响数据收集和解读，并且回顾性叙述可能不可靠。
| Strength / 优点 | Limitation / 局限 |
| High ecological validity / 高生态效度 | Poor generalisability / 可推广性差 |
| Rich, in-depth data / 丰富、深入的数据 | Risk of researcher bias / 研究者偏见风险 |
| Useful for rare conditions / 对罕见情况有用 | Cannot establish cause and effect / 无法建立因果关系 |
4. Case Studies in the Eduqas Specification | Eduqas 大纲中的案例研究
Eduqas GCSE Psychology requires you to apply your knowledge of classic and contemporary case studies across topics such as memory, attachment, social influence, and psychological problems. You must be able to describe the aim, method, results, and conclusions, as well as evaluate the study critically. Named studies like Miller (1956) on memory span, Bowlby’s 44 Thieves, and Milgram’s obedience research are frequently assessed.
Eduqas GCSE 心理学要求你能够运用对经典和当代案例研究的了解，涵盖记忆、依恋、社会影响和心理问题等主题。你必须能够描述研究目的、方法、结果和结论，并批判性地评价该研究。Miller (1956) 关于记忆广度的研究、Bowlby 的 44 名小偷研究、以及 Milgram 的服从研究等指名研究经常会被考查。
5. How to Analyse a Case Study: Step by Step | 如何分析一个案例：分步指南
When faced with an unfamiliar case study in the exam, follow a structured approach. First, identify the key issue or behaviour being described. Next, link the details to relevant psychological theories or concepts. Then, evaluate the method used, considering any ethical or practical weaknesses. Finally, suggest how the findings could be applied or what further research would be useful.
在考试中遇到不熟悉的案例研究时，请遵循系统的方法。首先，确定所描述的关键问题或行为。其次，将细节与相关的心理学理论或概念联系起来。然后，评价所使用的方法，考虑任何伦理或实践上的不足。最后，提出研究结果可以如何应用，或者哪些进一步的研究会有帮助。
- Step 1: Identify the focus / 第一步：确定焦点
- Step 2: Apply psychological theory / 第二步：应用心理学理论
- Step 3: Evaluate method and ethics / 第三步：评价方法和伦理
- Step 4: Discuss implications / 第四步：讨论启示
6. Practical Case Study 1: Memory – HM (Milner) | 实战案例一：记忆——HM（Milner）
HM suffered from severe epilepsy and underwent brain surgery that removed large parts of his hippocampus. After the operation, he could not form new long-term memories, although his short-term memory and procedural memory remained intact. This case provided strong evidence for the distinction between declarative and procedural memory, and for the role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation.
HM 患有严重癫痫，接受了切除了大部分海马体的脑部手术。术后，他无法形成新的长时记忆，尽管他的短时记忆和程序性记忆完好无损。这个案例为陈述性记忆与程序性记忆的区分以及海马体在记忆巩固中的作用提供了强有力的证据。
To analyse: HM’s anterograde amnesia supports the multi-store model’s idea of separate stores. However, as a single case, the findings may not represent typical brain function, and the reliance on clinical interviews could introduce subjectivity.
分析提示：HM 的顺行性遗忘支持了多贮存模型关于独立贮存库的观点。然而，作为单个个案，其发现可能不代表典型的大脑功能，且依赖临床访谈可能引入主观性。
7. Practical Case Study 2: Attachment – Bowlby’s 44 Thieves | 实战案例二：依恋——Bowlby 的 44 名小偷
Bowlby studied 44 adolescent juvenile thieves and a control group of 44 emotionally disturbed non-thieves. He found that many of the thieves had experienced prolonged early separation from their mothers and showed signs of “affectionless psychopathy”. This case study formed the basis of his maternal deprivation hypothesis, suggesting that a continuous, warm relationship with a mother figure is crucial for healthy emotional development.
Bowlby 研究了 44 名青少年少年小偷和 44 名情绪困扰的非小偷对照组。他发现许多小偷经历过长时间与母亲的早期分离，并表现出“无情型精神病态”的迹象。这项案例研究构成了他母亲剥夺假说的基础，表明与母亲形象建立持续、温暖的关系对健康的情绪发展至关重要。
Evaluate: The retrospective nature of the data relies heavily on memory and may be biased. The sample is small and culturally specific, so generalisation to all children is problematic. Nonetheless, it revolutionised post-war childcare practices.
评价：数据的回顾性特征严重依赖记忆，可能存在偏见。样本量小且具有文化特定性，因此推广到所有儿童是有问题的。尽管如此，它彻底改变了战后的儿童保育实践。
8. Practical Case Study 3: Social Influence – Milgram’s Obedience | 实战案例三：社会影响——Milgram 的服从实验
Although often described as a laboratory experiment, Milgram’s research also functions as a collection of individual case profiles within the obedience scenario. Each participant’s reactions were recorded in detail, offering rich insight into the conflict between conscience and authority. The study revealed that ordinary people are startlingly willing to obey destructive orders when placed in a structured hierarchical situation.
尽管 Milgram 的研究常被描述为实验室实验，但它也可被视为对服从情境中个体案例档案的集合。每个参与者的反应都被详细记录，为良心与权威之间的冲突提供了丰富的见解。研究表明，普通人在置于结构化层级情境中时会惊人地愿意服从破坏性命令。
Key lesson for case study analysis: Milgram’s depth of data mirrors a case-study approach. You can discuss ethical violations (deception, lack of protection from harm) and the trade-off between rich data and participant wellbeing.
案例研究分析的关键教训：Milgram 数据的深度反映了案例研究方法。你可以讨论违反伦理的问题（欺骗、缺乏伤害保护）以及丰富数据与参与者福祉之间的权衡。
9. Ethics and Writing About Case Studies | 伦理考量与案例研究写作
All case studies must adhere to the British Psychological Society (BPS) ethical guidelines. This includes obtaining informed consent, maintaining confidentiality (often using initials like HM or pseudonyms), and ensuring participants’ right to withdraw. In the exam, you should flag ethical issues even if the original study preceded modern guidelines.
所有案例研究都必须遵守英国心理学会（BPS）的伦理准则。这包括获得知情同意、维护保密性（通常使用姓名首字母如 HM 或化名），以及确保参与者有退出权。在考试中，即使原始研究早于现代准则，你也应该指出其伦理问题。
When writing your answers, always link ethical concerns to the specific details of the case. For example, “The intimate nature of the childhood memories shared means anonymity should have been protected more rigorously.”
在书写答案时，务必将伦理关切与案例的具体细节联系起来。例如，“所分享的童年记忆的私密性意味着应当更严格地保护匿名性。”
10. Exam Command Words and Answer Structures | 考试指令词与答案结构
Eduqas papers use command words such as “Describe”, “Explain”, “Discuss”, and “Evaluate”. For a 6-mark “Apply” question, you typically need to link a case study to a novel scenario. For a 9-mark “Evaluate” question, you should provide a balanced argument with at least two strengths and two limitations, supported by the named case study.
Eduqas 试卷使用的指令词包括“描述”、“解释”、“讨论”和“评价”。对于 6 分的“应用”题，你通常需要将案例研究关联到一个新情境中。对于 9 分的“评价”题，你应当提供一个平衡的论证，包含至少两个优点和两个局限，并用指名的案例研究加以支持。
Structure: Point → Evidence → Explanation → Link | 结构：观点 → 证据 → 解释 → 联系
11. Common Mistakes and Improvement Tips | 常见错误与提高技巧
Students often describe a case study without applying it to the question, or they drift into storytelling. Avoid simply retelling the HM case; instead, explicitly state how a feature of HM’s amnesia supports or challenges a theory. Another common error is ignoring the contextual limitations – for example, failing to mention that Bowlby’s sample was drawn from a single clinic in London.
学生常犯的错误是只描述案例研究而未将其应用到问题中，或者流于讲故事。不要简单地复述 HM 的案例，而要明确说明 HM 失忆症的某个特征如何支持或挑战了某个理论。另一个常见错误是忽略情境局限——例如，没有提到 Bowlby 的样本仅来自伦敦的一家诊所。
Improvement tip: use evaluative connectives like “However”, “On the other hand”, and “This suggests” to drive your argument. Practice writing condensed evaluation paragraphs timed to 8 minutes.
提高技巧：使用“然而”、“另一方面”和“这表明”等评价性连接词来推动你的论证。练习限时 8 分钟书写精炼的评价段落。
12. Summary and Practice Task | 总结与练习任务
To excel in Eduqas case study questions, you must be able to retrieve detailed knowledge of named studies, critically evaluate methodology and ethics, and transfer your understanding to unfamiliar material. Regular self-testing using the case studies above will strengthen your retrieval pathway.
要在 Eduqas 案例研究问题中脱颖而出，你必须能够提取指名研究的详细知识，批判性地评价方法论和伦理，并将你的理解迁移到不熟悉的材料中。使用上述案例研究定期进行自我测试将强化你的提取路径。
Practice task: Read the fictional case of “Patient X, a 15-year-old who developed a phobia of birds after a traumatic incident”. Apply your knowledge of two psychological explanations of phobias, refer to relevant case studies or research, and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of using case study data to understand phobias. Aim for a 9-mark response structure.
练习任务：阅读虚构案例“患者 X，一名 15 岁青少年，在一次创伤事件后发展出对鸟类的恐惧症”。运用你对两种恐惧症心理学解释的了解，引用相关案例研究或研究，并评价使用案例研究数据理解恐惧症的优缺点。目标为 9 分答案结构。
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