📚 Year 11 Eduqas Psychology: Formula & Theorem Quick-Reference Handbook | Eduqas 心理学：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick-reference guide for the quantitative skills and key psychological laws required in Year 11 Eduqas GCSE Psychology. This handbook pulls together every formula, calculation method, and classic empirical rule you need to master for Research Methods and core topic questions. Keep it close when tackling data analysis, interpreting graphs, and explaining psychological findings with numerical precision.
欢迎使用这本 Eduqas 心理学公式定理速查手册，它涵盖了 Year 11 课程中所有必备的量化技能和经典心理学定律。手册中汇集了研究方法与核心专题所需的每一个公式、计算方法和经典经验法则。在分析数据、解读图表以及用精确的数字解释心理学发现时，它将是你最得力的助手。
1. Mean | 平均数
The mean is the arithmetic average of a data set. It is the most commonly used measure of central tendency in psychology because it takes every score into account. To calculate the mean, add up all the values and then divide by the number of values.
平均数是一组数据的算术平均值。由于它考虑了每一个数据点，因此是心理学中最常用的集中趋势量数。计算平均数时，先求出所有数值的总和，再除以数值的个数。
Mean = (Σx) / n
Σx represents the sum of all scores; n stands for the total number of scores. Always check for extreme outliers, as the mean can be easily distorted by one very high or very low value.
Σx 表示所有分数的总和；n 代表分数的总个数。需始终留意极端异常值，因为一个极高或极低的数值极易扭曲平均数。
2. Median | 中位数
The median is the middle value when all scores are arranged in order from smallest to largest. It is a measure of central tendency that is unaffected by extreme scores, making it useful when data are skewed. If there is an odd number of values, the median is the exact middle score.
中位数是将所有分数按从小到大的顺序排列后位于中间位置的数值。它是一种不受极端分数影响的集中趋势量数，因此在数据偏斜时非常有用。若数值个数为奇数，中位数即为正中间的那个分数。
the set 3, 5, 8, 9, the median is (5+8)/2 = 6.5. Always remember to order the data first.
若数值个数为偶数，中位数则是中间两个分数的平均数。例如，在数据组 3, 5, 8, 9 中，中位数为 (5+8)/2 = 6.5。请务必牢记先对数据进行排序。
3. Mode | 众数
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a data set. A set of scores can have one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal), or more. The mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal (categorical) data, such as the most common eye colour in a group.
众数是一组数据中出现次数最多的数值。一组分数可以有一个众数（单峰）、两个众数（双峰）或更多。众数是唯一能用于称名（分类）数据的集中趋势量数，例如群组中最常见的眼睛颜色。
Unlike the mean and median, the mode does not involve any calculation beyond counting frequencies. It is straightforward to identify from a frequency table or bar chart. However, the mode may not represent the centre of the data well if the distribution is very spread out.
与平均数和中位数不同，识别众数只需统计频次，无需额外计算。通过频数表或条形图可轻松辨认。但如果数据分布极为分散，众数可能无法很好地代表数据的中心。
4. Range | 极差
The range is the simplest measure of dispersion. It tells you how spread out the scores are by subtracting the smallest value from the largest value. A larger range indicates greater variability. It is easy to calculate but can be heavily influenced by a single outlier.
极差是最简单的离散量数。它通过最大值减去最小值来表示分数的分布范围。极差越大，变异越大。其计算简便，但极易受单个异常值的影响。
Range = Highest value - Lowest value
For example, if reaction times in an experiment are 210 ms and 540 ms, the range is 330 ms. When reporting the range, always state both the highest and lowest values, not just the difference, to give a fuller picture of the data.
例如，若一次实验中的反应时为 210 毫秒和 540 毫秒，则极差为 330 毫秒。在报告极差时，不仅要给出差值，也应同时列出最大值与最小值，以便更全面地呈现数据。
5. Percentages and Ratios | 百分比和比率
Percentages are used to express how large one quantity is relative to another on a scale of 100. They are essential for comparing findings across studies with different sample sizes. A ratio compares two quantities, showing how many times one value contains another.
百分比用于以百分制表示一个量相对于另一个量的大小，在比较不同样本量的研究结果时不可或缺。比率则用来比较两个数量，表示一个值包含另一个值的倍数。
Percentage = (Part / Whole) × 100
To convert a decimal to a percentage, multiply by 100 and add the % sign. A ratio, such as 2:5, can be simplified just like a fraction. In psychological studies, you often see ratios representing the proportion of participants who showed a particular behaviour.
将小数转换为百分比时，只需乘以 100 并加上百分号。比率（如 2:5）可像分数一样化简。在心理学研究中，比率常用来表示表现出特定行为的参与者比例。
6. Percentage Change | 百分比变化
Percentage change measures how much a value has increased or decreased relative to its original value. This formula is frequently required when analysing experimental results, such as the change in recall after an intervention. It always compares the new value to the original value.
百分比变化衡量的是某个数值相对于其原值增加或减少的幅度。在分析干预后的回忆变化等实验结果时，常需此公式。它将新数值与原数值进行比较。
Percentage Change = ((New value - Original value) / Original value) × 100
5 words and after a mnemonic it became 21, the percentage change is ((21-15)/15)×100 = +40%.
结果为正表示增加，为负表示减少。例如，若原回忆量为 15 个单词，使用助记法后变为 21 个，则百分比变化为 ((21-15)/15)×100 = +40%。
7. Normal and Skewed Distributions | 正态分布与偏态分布
A normal distribution forms a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve where the mean, median, and mode all fall at the centre. Most scores cluster around the middle, with frequencies tailing off equally at both ends. It is the basis of many statistical concepts in psychology.
正态分布呈对称的钟形曲线，平均数、中位数与众数均位于中心。大多数分数集中在中间，两端频率对称地逐渐减小。它是心理学中许多统计概念的基础。
In a positively skewed distribution, the right tail is longer and the mean is greater than the median because high outliers pull it upward. In a negatively skewed distribution, the left tail is longer and the mean is less than the median. Recognising skew lets you choose the best measure of central tendency.
在正偏态分布中，右尾较长，平均数高于中位数（因高端异常值拉高了均值）。在负偏态分布中，左尾较长，平均数低于中位数。识别偏态有助于选择最合适的集中趋势量数。
8. Bar Charts and Histograms | 条形图与直方图
Bar charts display categorical data with spaces between the bars, making them ideal for nominal or discrete variables such as attachment types or gender. Each bar represents a category, and the height shows the frequency or percentage. No gap is needed in appearance, but conceptually categories are separate.
条形图用于展示分类数据，条形之间有间隔，因此非常适合称名变量或离散变量，如依恋类型或性别。每个条形代表一个类别，高度表示频数或百分比。视觉上无需严格强调间隙，但概念上类别互相独立。
Histograms display continuous data where bars touch to emphasise that the data are on a continuous scale, such as age in months or test scores. The area of each bar is proportional to the frequency. Always label axes clearly and include units of measurement.
直方图用于展示连续数据，条形紧挨以强调数据的连续尺度，例如以月为单位的年龄或测验分数。每个条形的面积与频数成比例。请务必清晰标注坐标轴并注明测量单位。
9. Scattergrams and Correlation | 散点图与相关性
A scattergram plots paired scores on a graph to show the relationship between two co-variables. Each point represents one participant's two scores. The pattern indicates whether there is a positive correlation, a negative correlation, or no correlation. It does not imply causation.
散点图将成对的分数绘制在图上，以展示两个共变项之间的关系。每个点代表一位参与者的两项分数。图形模式可显示正相关、负相关或无相关。相关性并不代表因果关系。
Positive correlation means as one variable increases, the other tends to increase. Negative correlation means as one increases, the other tends to decrease. The strength of a correlation can be judged by how closely points cluster around a straight line on the scattergram.
正相关意味着一个变量增加时另一个也倾向于增加；负相关则是一个变量增加时另一个倾向于减少。相关性的强度可通过散点图中点围绕一条直线的紧密程度来判断。
10. Key Psychological Laws and Quantitative Findings | 关键心理学定律与定量发现
Several classic studies provide numerical rules that are often examined. Milgram's obedience study found that 65% of participants administered the maximum 450-volt shock when instructed by an authority figure. This percentage is a central quantitative finding in social influence.
多项经典研究提供了常考的数值规律。米尔格拉姆的服从实验发现，在权威人物的指令下，65% 的参与者施加了最高 450 伏的电击。这一百分比是社会影响领域的核心量化发现。
Asch's conformity experiments showed that on critical trials, participants conformed to the incorrect majority about 32% of the time. Around 75% of participants conformed at least once. These figures act as empirical benchmarks for measuring the power of group pressure.
阿希的从众实验表明，在关键测试中，参与者约有 32% 的时间屈从于错误的大多数，约 75% 的参与者至少从众一次。这些数字成为衡量群体压力强大作用的经验基准。
Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve describes how memory decays rapidly at first and then levels off. In his classic experiment, he recalled about 58% of syllables after 20 minutes, 44% after 1 hour, and 34% after 24 hours. This demonstrates the greatest forgetting occurs soon after learning.
艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线描述了记忆起初迅速衰退而后趋于平缓的规律。在他的经典实验中，学习后 20 分钟能回忆约 58% 的无意义音节，1 小时后为 44%，24 小时后为 34%。这表明学习后不久遗忘最多。
The Yerkes-Dodson Law states that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal up to an optimal point, after which further arousal leads to a decline in performance. This relationship follows an inverted-U shape and changes depending on task complexity.
耶克斯-多德森定律指出，行为表现随生理或心理唤醒水平的提高而上升，到达最佳点后，进一步上升的唤醒水平反而导致表现下降。这一关系呈倒 U 形曲线，且随任务复杂度的不同而变化。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图