📚 Year 11 Eduqas Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | 11年级Eduqas科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of Year 11 Eduqas Science is half the battle won. This quick-reference guide breaks down must-know terms from biology, chemistry, and physics, each paired with a memory tip. Use it to strengthen your revision and walk into the exam with confidence.
掌握11年级Eduqas科学考试的词汇，就已经成功了一半。这份速记指南拆解了生物、化学和物理中必须掌握的术语，每个术语都配有记忆技巧。用它来巩固复习，自信地走进考场。
1. Atomic Structure & Periodic Table | 原子结构与元素周期表
Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus; it defines the element. Remember: Z = Zaps (protons give the positive zap).
原子序数 (Z)：原子核中的质子数，决定了元素种类。记住：Z 代表“质子之电”（质子带正电）。
Mass number (A): Total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus. Think: A = All the heavy stuff in the centre.
质量数 (A)：原子核中质子与中子的总数。联想：A 代表“所有重家伙”（All the heavy stuff）。
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Tip: Iso- means same, -tope means place (same place on the periodic table).
同位素：质子数相同、中子数不同的同种元素原子。提示：同“位”即周期表中同一位置。
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): The average mass of all the isotopes of an element, weighted by abundance. Not the same as mass number!
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ)：元素所有同位素按丰度加权后的平均质量。注意：不等于质量数！
Period: A horizontal row in the periodic table; the period number tells you the number of occupied electron shells.
周期：周期表中的横行；周期数等于电子层数。
Group: A vertical column; elements in the same group have the same number of outer-shell electrons and similar chemical properties.
族：周期表中的纵列；同族元素最外层电子数相同，化学性质相似。
2. Bonding, Structure & Properties | 化学键、结构与性质
Ionic bond: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by electron transfer (metal to non-metal). Memory: "Opposites attract".
离子键：由电子转移（金属到非金属）形成的带相反电荷离子之间的静电引力。记忆：“异性相吸”。
Covalent bond: A shared pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms. Think: co- = together, valent = related to valence electrons.
共价键：两个非金属原子间共用的一对电子。联想：共 = 共同，价 = 价电子。
Giant covalent structure (macromolecule): A huge network of covalent bonds, e.g. diamond (C), silicon dioxide (SiO₂). High melting point – lots of strong bonds to break.
巨型共价结构（高分子）：由共价键构成的庞大网络，如金刚石（C）、二氧化硅（SiO₂）。高熔点——需破坏大量强键。
Metallic bonding: A sea of delocalised electrons surrounding positive metal ions. Mnemonic: "M etallic = M obile electrons".
金属键：离域电子形成的“电子海”围绕着带正电的金属离子。口诀：“金属键——电子海”。
Alloy: A mixture of a metal with one or more other elements, often harder than the pure metal because of distorted layers. Think: mixing atoms stops layers sliding.
合金：一种金属与一种或多种其他元素混合而成，通常比纯金属硬，因为原子尺寸不同阻碍了层间滑动。联想：原子大小不同，滑动受阻。
3. Quantitative Chemistry | 定量化学
Mole (mol): The amount of substance containing 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant). One mole of any substance has a mass in grams equal to its relative formula mass (Mᵣ).
摩尔 (mol)：含有6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）的物质的量。1摩尔任何物质的质量（克）等于其相对分子/原子质量 (Mᵣ)。
Relative formula mass (Mᵣ): The sum of relative atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit. For simple molecules, same as molecular mass.
相对式量 (Mᵣ)：一个式单元中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。对于简单分子，等同于相对分子质量。
Concentration (mol/dm³): moles of solute per cubic decimetre of solution. Equation: concentration = moles ÷ volume (dm³).
浓度 (mol/dm³)：每立方分米溶液中溶质的摩尔数。公式：浓度 = 摩尔数 ÷ 体积 (dm³)。
Percentage yield: actual mass of product ÷ theoretical mass × 100. Reasons for less-than-100% yield: incomplete reaction, side reactions, losses during purification.
产率百分比：实际产物质量 ÷ 理论产物质量 × 100。产率低于100%的原因：反应不完全、副反应、提纯过程中的损失。
Atom economy: (Mᵣ of desired product ÷ total Mᵣ of all reactants) × 100. Higher atom economy means greener process.
原子经济性：（目标产物 Mᵣ ÷ 所有反应物总 Mᵣ）× 100。原子经济性越高，过程越绿色。
4. Energy Changes in Chemistry | 化学中的能量变化
Exothermic reaction: A reaction that releases energy to the surroundings, usually causing a temperature rise. Exo- means 'out'; think of heat exiting.
放热反应：向周围环境释放能量的反应，通常使温度升高。Exo = 外，热量外流。
Endothermic reaction: A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. Endo- means 'inside'; think of heat going in.
吸热反应：从周围环境吸收能量的反应，导致温度下降。Endo = 内，热量内入。
Activation energy (Eₐ): The minimum energy needed for particles to collide successfully and start a reaction. Catalysts lower Eₐ, providing an alternative pathway.
活化能 (Eₐ)：粒子成功碰撞并引发反应所需的最低能量。催化剂降低活化能，提供另一条反应途径。
Bond energy calculations: Energy change = total energy to break bonds (reactants) – total energy released forming bonds (products). Positive ΔH → endothermic; negative ΔH → exothermic.
键能计算：能量变化 = 断裂反应物键的总能量 – 形成产物键释放的总能量。ΔH 正值 → 吸热；ΔH 负值 → 放热。
Reaction profile: A diagram showing the energy change during a reaction. Peak = transition state; difference between reactants and products = ΔH.
反应进程图：显示反应过程中能量变化的图表。峰值 = 过渡态；反应物与产物差值 = ΔH。
5. Cell Biology Essentials | 细胞生物学基础
Nucleus: Contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities. Think: 'command centre' of the cell.
细胞核：含有遗传物质（DNA），控制细胞活动。联想：细胞的“指挥中心”。
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions occur, containing enzymes. 'Cyto' = cell, 'plasm' = fluid.
细胞质：胶状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生，含酶。“细胞浆”，生化反应池。
Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Mnemonic: 'Mighty mitochondria' power the cell.
线粒体：有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。口诀：“线粒体，能量工厂”。
Ribosomes: Tiny structures that synthesise proteins from amino acids. They can be free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER.
核糖体：利用氨基酸合成蛋白质的微小结构。可游离于细胞质或附着在粗面内质网上。
Cell membrane: A selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
细胞膜：选择性通透的屏障，控制物质的进出。磷脂双分子层嵌有蛋白质。
6. Organisation in Organisms | 生物体内的组织层次
Cell → Tissue (group of similar cells working together) → Organ (different tissues working together) → Organ system (organs working together). Recall: 'Cells Tissues Organs Systems' – CTOS.
细胞 → 组织（相似细胞群）→ 器官（不同组织协同工作）→ 器官系统（多个器官协同）。记忆：细胞—组织—器官—系统。
Digestive system organs: Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, plus glands (liver, pancreas). Food path: 'MESSi LAR' (Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine for digestion, Large intestine, Anus, Rectum).
消化系统器官：口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、直肠、肛门，以及腺体（肝脏、胰腺）。食物路径口诀：口—食—胃—小肠—大肠—直肠—肛门。
Heart chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. tricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta.
心脏腔室：右心房、右心室、左心房、左心室。血流：腔静脉→右心房→右心室→肺动脉→肺→肺静脉→左心房→左心室→主动脉。
Enzyme specificity: The active site has a specific shape that only fits a particular substrate (lock-and-key model). Denatured enzymes lose shape → can't function.
酶的特异性：活性位点具有特定形状，仅与特定底物匹配（锁钥模型）。酶变性后形状改变→失去功能。
7. Infection & Response | 感染与免疫反应
Pathogen: A microorganism that causes disease, e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists. Think: 'PATHogen' creates a path for disease.
病原体：引起疾病的微生物，如细菌、病毒、真菌、原生生物。联想：病原 = 疾病之源。
Phagocytosis: White blood cells engulf and digest pathogens. 'Phago' = to eat, 'cyte' = cell.
吞噬作用：白细胞吞噬并消化病原体。吞噬 = 吞食细胞。
Antibodies: Proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to specific antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction. Shape-specific, like handshake.
抗体：淋巴细胞产生的蛋白质，与病原体上的特定抗原结合，标记其进行清除。形状特异，如同握手。
Antitoxins: Proteins that neutralise toxins released by bacteria. They do not kill bacteria directly.
抗毒素：中和细菌释放的毒素的蛋白质。不直接杀死细菌。
Vaccination: Introducing a harmless form of a pathogen (antigen) to stimulate the production of memory cells. Future infection → rapid antibody production.
疫苗接种：引入无害形式的病原体（抗原）以刺激记忆细胞的产生。再次感染→快速产生抗体。
8. Bioenergetics | 生物能量学
Photosynthesis word equation: Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll). Symbol: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
光合作用文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（需光和叶绿素）。符号：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
Aerobic respiration: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy as ATP). Occurs in mitochondria; 'aerobic' = with air.
有氧呼吸：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 以 ATP 形式释放的能量）。发生在线粒体；“有氧”即在有空气条件下。
Anaerobic respiration in muscles: Glucose → lactic acid (+ energy). No oxygen used; causes oxygen debt.
肌肉中的无氧呼吸：葡萄糖 → 乳酸（+ 能量）。不用氧；产生氧债。
Limiting factors of photosynthesis: Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature. At optimum, any factor can become limiting.
光合作用限制因素：光强、二氧化碳浓度、温度。在最适条件下，任一因素都可能成为限制因素。
Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism. Includes conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen, cellulose; amino acid synthesis, lipid formation.
代谢：生物体内所有化学反应的总和。包括葡萄糖转化为淀粉、糖原、纤维素；氨基酸合成、脂质形成等。
9. Forces & Motion | 力与运动
Velocity: Speed in a given direction (vector). Units: m/s. Acceleration is change in velocity per unit time.
速度：带有方向的速率（矢量）。单位 m/s；加速度是单位时间内速度的变化。
Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force. Inertia – resistance to change in motion.
牛顿第一定律：物体在不受合力作用时保持静止或匀速直线运动。惯性——抗拒运动变化。
Resultant force (N): mass (kg) × acceleration (m/s²), F = ma. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration.
合力 (N)：质量 (kg) × 加速度 (m/s²)，F = ma。非平衡力产生加速度。
Weight (N): mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg), W = mg. Weight ≠ mass; weight depends on gravity.
重量 (N)：质量 (kg) × 重力场强度 (N/kg)，W = mg。重量 ≠ 质量；重量取决于重力。
Stopping distance: thinking distance + braking distance. Factors: speed, reaction time, road surface, tyre condition.
停车距离：反应距离 + 制动距离。影响因素：速度、反应时间、路面状态、轮胎状况。
10. Waves & Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Wave speed (m/s): frequency (Hz) × wavelength (m), v = fλ. Frequency = number of waves per second.
波速 (m/s)：频率 (Hz) × 波长 (m)，v = fλ。频率 = 每秒波数。
Transverse wave: Oscillations are perpendicular to direction of energy transfer, e.g. light, water waves. Think: 'Transverse has a crest & trough'.
横波：振动方向垂直于能量传递方向，例如光波、水波。特点：有波峰和波谷。
Longitudinal wave: Oscillations are parallel to energy transfer, e.g. sound. Compressions and rarefactions.
纵波：振动方向平行于能量传递方向，例如声波。有疏部和密部。
Electromagnetic spectrum order: Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma. Mnemonic: 'Rabbits Mate In Very Unusual Xciting Gardens' or 'Rich Men In Vegas Use X-ray Glasses'.
电磁波谱顺序：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线。记忆口诀：无线—微—红—可—紫—X—伽马（从低频到高频）。
Refractive index: ratio of speed of light in vacuum to speed in medium. Snell's law: n = sin i / sin r.
折射率：真空中光速与介质中光速之比。斯涅尔定律：n = sin i / sin r。
11. Electricity & Circuits | 电与电路
Current (I): The rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). In metals, it's the flow of electrons.
电流 (I)：电荷流动的速率，单位安培 (A)。金属中为电子流。
Potential difference (V): Energy transferred per unit charge, measured in volts (V). V = W / Q; think of 'pressure' pushing electrons.
电势差 (V)：单位电荷转移的能量，单位伏特 (V)。V = W / Q；类比为“电压”推动电子。
Resistance (R): Opposition to current, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm's law: V = IR; higher resistance → lower current at constant p.d.
电阻 (R)：对电流的阻碍，单位欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律：V = IR；电压固定时电阻越大电流越小。
Series circuit: Components connected one after another; current same throughout, p.d. shared. One loop only.
串联电路：元件依次连接；电流处处相等，电压分配。只有一个回路。
Parallel circuit: Components on separate branches; p.d. same across each branch, current splits. Multiple paths for current.
并联电路：元件位于不同支路；各支路电压相等，总电流为各支路电流之和。多条电流路径。
12. Practical & Mathematical Terms | 实验与数学术语
Independent variable: The variable you change or select in an experiment. 'I change' = Independent.
自变量：实验中改变或选择的变量。记忆：“自变”即自己改变。
Dependent variable: The variable you measure or observe. It depends on the independent variable.
因变量：测量或观察的变量。依赖于自变量。
Control variables: Variables that must be kept constant to ensure a fair test. CVs – 'Constant Variables'.
控制变量：必须保持不变的变量，以确保实验公平。CV 即“恒定变量”。
Accuracy: How close a measurement is to the true value. vs. Precision: the consistency of repeated measurements.
准确度：测量值接近真实值的程度。对比 精密度：重复测量结果的一致性。
Repeatability: The same person, same equipment, short time interval – how close the results are. Reproducibility: different person, different equipment, but same method.
重复性：同一人、同一设备、短时间间隔内结果的一致性。再现性：不同人、不同设备但相同方法下的结果一致性。
Gradient: Slope of a graph: change in y ÷ change in x. On a distance-time graph, gradient = speed.
梯度（斜率）：图中纵坐标变化 ÷ 横坐标变化。在距离-时间图上，斜率 = 速率。
Anomalous result: A data point that does not fit the pattern. Should be identified, repeated, and excluded if error is known.
异常值：不符合整体规律的数据点。应识别、重测，如确属错误则剔除。
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