📚 Year 11 Eduqas Physics: Essential Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms is half the battle in GCSE Physics. This bilingual guide covers the core vocabulary from the Eduqas specification, organised by topic. Each English definition is immediately paired with its Chinese equivalent to help you lock in understanding and prepare effectively for your exams.
掌握关键术语是 GCSE 物理成功的一半。这份双语指南按主题整理了 Eduqas 考纲中的核心词汇，每个英文定义都紧跟对应的中文解释，帮助你牢牢记住概念，高效备考。
1. Forces and Motion: Vectors and Scalars | 力与运动：矢量和标量
Scalar is a physical quantity that has only magnitude (size), for example distance, speed or mass.
标量是只有大小（量值）的物理量，例如距离、速率或质量。
Vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, for example displacement, velocity, force or acceleration.
矢量是既有大小又有方向的量，例如位移、速度、力或加速度。
Distance is a scalar quantity describing how much ground an object has covered during its motion.
距离是标量，描述物体运动中总共经过的路程长度。
Displacement is a vector quantity referring to 'how far out of place' an object is; it is the object's overall change in position in a given direction.
位移是矢量，指物体位置的变化量，是给定方向上的距离。
Speed changes with time, a scalar measured in m/s. Average speed = total distance / total time.
速率是距离随时间的变化率，标量，单位 m/s。平均速率 = 总距离 / 总时间。
Velocity is speed in a specified direction (vector). Constant velocity requires constant speed and a straight line.
速度是指定方向上的速率（矢量）。匀速运动要求速率不变且沿直线运动。
Acceleration d as a = Δv / Δt, where Δv is the change in velocity and Δt is the time taken. Unit: m/s².
加速度是速度的变化率（矢量）。可用 a = Δv / Δt 计算，Δv 为速度变化量，Δt 为所用时间，单位 m/s²。
Force is a push or pull that can change the motion of an object. It is a vector, measured in newtons (N).
力是能够改变物体运动状态的推或拉，矢量，单位牛顿 (N)。
2. Newton's Laws and Momentum | 牛顿定律与动量
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion. The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia.
惯性是物体抵抗运动状态变化的性质。物体的质量越大，惯性越大。
Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or move with constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force.
牛顿第一定律指出，若无合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。
Newton's Second Law esultant force equals mass times acceleration. This law explains why heavier objects need a larger force for the same acceleration.
牛顿第二定律表明合力 F = m a，即合力等于质量乘以加速度。它解释了为何较重的物体需要更大的力才能获得相同加速度。
Newton's Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces always occur in pairs on different objects.
牛顿第三定律指出，每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，力总是成对出现在不同物体上。
Momentum vector quantity defined as the product of mass and velocity: p = m v. Its unit is kg m/s.
动量是矢量，定义为质量与速度的乘积：p = m v，单位 kg m/s。
Conservation of momentum applies in a closed system: the total momentum before an event (such as a collision) equals the total momentum after the event, provided no external forces act.
动量守恒适用于封闭系统：在碰撞等事件中，若无外力作用，系统总动量在事件前后保持不变。
Weight is the gravitational field strength (on Earth, about 9.8 N/kg). Weight differs from mass.
重量是物体由于重力而产生的力，计算为 W = m g，其中 g 为重力场强度（地球上约 9.8 N/kg）。重量与质量不同。
3. Energy: Stores, Transfers and Efficiency | 能量：储存、转移与效率
Kinetic energy (Eₖ) ct possesses due to its motion, given by Eₖ = ½ m v². It depends on mass and the square of
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